AIM DDT1 MF 2 hamster smooth muscle cells were used to investigate the role of ? 1B adrenoceptor (AR) in the cell proliferation and its signaling pathway. METHODS DNA synthesis was measured by [ 3H]thymidine (TdR) incorporation and the cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. The actions of several inhibitors and activators of second messenger on NE induced DNA synthesis were investigated. RESULTS NE (0 1～1 ?mol?L -1 ) elicited significant concentration dependent stimulation of DDT1 MF 2 cell proliferation. The proliferative effect caused by ? 1B AR was blocked by PLC inhibitor (U73122, 10 ?mol?L -1 ), Ca 2+ /ATPase inhibitor (cyclopiazonic acid, 10 ?mol?L -1 ), intracellular Ca 2+ chelator (BAPTA/AM, 10 ?mol?L -1 ), PKC inhibitors (RO 31 8220, 0 1 ?mol?L -1 and calphostin C, 0 1 ?mol?L -1 ), TK inhibitors (tyrphostin A25, 10 ?mol?L -1 and genistein, 10 ?mol?L -1 ), and MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD 98059, 10 ?mol?L -1 ). CONCLUSION ? 1B AR subtypes stimulate DDT1 MF 2 cells growth and its signal pathway is related to the PLC activation、Ca 2+ release、PKC、TK and ERKs activation.

AIM　DDT1 MF-2 hamster smooth muscle cells were used to investigate the role of α1B-adrenoceptor (AR) in the cell proliferation and its signaling pathway. METHODS　DNA synthesis was measured by ［3H］thymidine (TdR) incorporation and the cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. The actions of several inhibitors and activators of second messenger on NE-induced DNA synthesis were investigated. RESULTS　NE (0.1～1 μmol*L-1) elicited significant concentration-dependent stimulation of DDT1 MF-2 cell proliferation. The proliferative effect caused by α1B-AR was blocked by PLC inhibitor (U73122, 10 μmol*L-1), Ca2+/ATPase inhibitor (cyclopiazonic acid, 10 μmol*L-1), intracellular Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA/AM, 10 μmol*L-1), PKC inhibitors (RO-31-8220, 0.1 μmol*L-1 and calphostin C, 0.1 μmol*L-1), TK inhibitors (tyrphostin A25, 10 μmol*L-1 and genistein, 10 μmol*L-1), and MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD 98059, 10 μmol*L-1). CONCLUSION　α1B-AR subtypes stimulate DDT1 MF-2 cells growth and its signal pathway is related to the PLC activation、Ca2+ release、PKC、TK and ERKs activation.

Impact of air pollution on cardiovascular d is eases has been established. As the main source of city air pollution, particulat e matter has been demonstrated an independent correlation with incidence and mor tality of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms are not clear. Several plausib le mechanistic pathways have been described, including inflammation induced by o xidative stress, the followed enhanced coagulation/thrombosis resulted in instab ility of atherosclerosis, the promotion of ischemic heart diseases and imbalance of autonomic nerve tone resulted in the occurrence of arrhythmia. The article p rovides a review of the mechanisms on air pollution and cardiovascular diseases and suggestions for further research.

adrenergic receptor is the third subtype of ?-adrenergic receptors. The genetic structure and pharmacological property of ? 3-adrenergic receptor are markedly distinguished from ? 1-and ? 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes. Recently studies show that myocardial ? 3-adrenergic receptor mediates negative inotropic effect through Gi-protein/NO/cGMP pathway, the expression of ? 3-adrenergic receptor and negative inotropic effect mediated by ? 3-adrenergic receptor are increased in heart failure. However, because of the low expression of ? 3-adrenergic receptor in the heart, the actual pathophysiological significance of ? 3-adrenergic receptor remains unknown.

Objective: To better understand the antagonistic effect of Xiao Long Tong Bi (XLTB), a Chinese herb medicine, on α1-adrenoceptor (α1-AR). Methods: (1) Radio ligand binding assay . Specific　125I-BE2254(2-β(4-hdroxyphenyl)-ethyl amino-methyl-tetralone) binding was measured by incubating membrane of canine cerebral cortex with a single concentration of　125I-BE2254 in the presence of 15 concentrations of XLTB. Half-effectual concentration of inhibition (IC50) and Hill coefficients (nH) were determined by Hill plots. (2) Contractile responses of rat prostate strip in vitro were determined. pKB values for XLTB in competitively inhibiting NE-stimulated contraction of tissues were measured by the method of Ainlakshana. Results: XLTB competitively inhibited binding of　125I-BE2254 to α1-AR in a concentration -dependent manner. IC50 values for XLTB in canine cerebral cortex were (34.0±6.0)　g*L－1, the Hill efficiency value (0.7±0.1) was significantly decreased from unity. Contractile studies showed that XLTB competitively antagonized the NE concentration-response curve with pKB values of (37.0±11.0) g*L－1 or (30.0±8.0) g*L－1 when XLTB concentration was 70 g*L－1 or 170 g*L－1, respectively. The pKB values for XLTB in antagonizing NE-induced contraction of tissues were showed to fit in well with the IC50 values on rat prostate. Conclusion: These results suggest that XLTB appears to be a competitive antagonist for α1-AR.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect of Wuling Powder extract on rats with renal hypertension and to evaluate the influence of it on the volume of urine and the concentrations of Na(+), K(+), Cl(-). METHODS: Reformed Gold-blatt hypertension rat model (G-2K1C) was established. The rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: sham-operation group; model group, Wuling Powder high dosage group (80 g/kg), Wuling Powder middle dosage group (40 g/kg), Wuling Powder low dosage group (20 g/kg), and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) group (25 mg/kg). Urine volume of the rats was measured during the experiment. Tail arterial pressure and [Na(+)], [K(+)], [Cl(-)] in serum of the rats were detected after 30 days of treatment. RESULTS: The blood pressure of the G-2K1C rats was decreased in the three Wuling Powder groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01), but higher than that of the false-operation group (P<0.01), and there was no difference between each of the Wuling Powder groups and the HCT group (P>0.05). Diuretic effect of the three dosages of Wuling Powder was weaker than that of the HCT (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The effects of the three dosages of Wuling Powder and HCT on [Na(+)] and [Cl(-)] in the serum were not obviously different (P>0.05), but [K(+)] of the HCT group was significantly decreased compared with that of the false-operation group and the three Wuling Powder groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Wuling Powder extract had satisfying therapeutic effects in increasing the discharge of urine, decreasing the blood pressure and keeping the balance of the serum electrolyte contents in rats with renal hypertension.

AIM: To define the gene expression changes of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to norepinephrine (NE). METHODS: The expression adrenergic receptors (AR) were determined by radioligand binding assay in A7r5 cells. Gene expression profiles were identified by cDNA microarray after A7r5 cells were treated with NE for 24 h, and mRNA expressions of ? 1A -AR and ? 1B -AR were confirmed by real-time PCR. RESULTS: ? 1-AR and ?-AR existed in A7r5 cells. Seventy-five genes with changed expression in response to NE were screened out. These genes are involved in cell structure, cell/organism defense, metabolism, signal transduction and so on. ? 1A -, ? 1B -AR mRNA expression identified by microarray and realtime quantitive PCR displayed similar patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Gene expression profile in response to NE was analyzed comprehensively with the microarray technique. NE induces many kinds of different function genes in A7r5 cells, which may provide a novel insight into the particular role of NE that modulates multiple aspects of biological function in VSMCs. [

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of biliary tract prosthesis and pancreatic duct stents for advanced periampullary carcinoma. Methods A total of 36 patients were diagnosed as advanced periampullary carcinoma pathologically or clinically, with strictures both in pancreatic and biliary ducts confirmed by imaging. Teflon stents were firstly implanted through endoscopy to the narrowed pancreatic ducts, expansible metal prosthesis were then implanted to the biliary tract. If failed, the metal stents were given through percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTCD) pathway. Serum levels of liver enzymes, amylase and clinical manifestations were observed before and after operation. Results Teflon stents were successfully implanted into pancreatic ducts in all patients. Metal prostheses into bile ducts were endoscopically implanted in 29 cases, and via PTCD in 7, including 2 cases of Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy. The levels of liver enzymes significantly decreased (P<0.01) after stents implacement. The levels of amylase (plasma and urine) and lipase increased in 15 cases, but they were corrected to normal levels after adequate treatments. Rates of abdominal pain relieving and diahhrea improvement were 82.4% (28/34) and 88.2% (15/17), respectively. Conclusion The combined implacement of biliary tract prosthesis and pancreatic duct stents is safe and effective in relieving malignant obstruction in periampullary carcinoma.

Objective:To analyze the clinicopathological characterization of primary esophageal benign tumor (EBT). Methods:A total of 1,058 EBTs were enrolled from 500,000 cases in an esophageal and cardiac tumor biological sample and clinical information data-base of Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research (1973-2015) in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. SPSS 21.0 software was applied for data analysis. Results:In this database, 1,058 cases with primary EBTs among the 249,246 esopha-geal tumor patients with detailed clinical and pathological information were identified with an incidence of 0.42%(1,058/249,246). A total of 544 patients were male with an average age of 50±11 years old, whereas 514 patients were female, with an average age of 52± 11 years old. Among the 10 types of EBTs, leiomyoma was the most common type (84.50%, 894/1,058), followed by papilloma (6.90%, 73/1058). Adenoma (0.38%, 4/1,058) was the rarest type. Leiomyoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and neurofibroma mainly oc-curred in male patients. By contrast, lipoma, granulosa cell tumor, schwannoma, and hemangioma mainly occurred in female patients.All five cases of hamartoma occurred only in female patients. Given the incidence of≥50%as the common standard, the common EBT in sequence in young male patients was leiomyoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor, whereas that in young female patients was granulosa cell tumor and lipoma. The common EBT in sequence in older male patients was papilloma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and leiomyoma, whereas that in older female patients was schwannoma, papilloma, leiomyoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and hamartoma. Additionally, lipoma, hemangioma, neurofibroma, and adenoma in male patients and neurofibroma in female patients oc-curred in older patients. The different ages of patients with EBTs (P=0.034) and leiomyoma (P=0.004) had a statistical significance. In these EBTs, leiomyoma, papilloma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and schwannoma mainly occurred in the middle esophagus, where-as lipoma mainly occurred in the lower esophagus. The major treatment for EBT in the present study was surgery (57.54%, 492/855), which was followed by endoscopic resection (38.01%, 325/855) and others (4.45%, 38/855). Conclusion:The incidence of EBT is low, with a couple of different histological types. Gender, age, and predilection sites are different depending on the histological types of EBTs. Surgery and endoscopic resection are the major treatment methods.

Objective To investigate the clinic effect of tunnel technique on endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)for massive colorectal laterally spreading tumor(LST). Methods A retrospective study was conducted on the data of patients with colorectal large area LST(the shortest diameter>4 cm) undergoing ESD by tunnel technique from January 2015 to June 2016 in Digestive Endoscopy Center of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The size of resected specimens, operation time, complications, pathology results, the number of en bloc resection and curative resection were analyzed. Results A total of 14 cases were collected, including 7 males and 7 females. The longest diameters of resected specimens were from 4.0 to 7.0 cm with mean size of 5.18 ± 0.49 cm. The operation times were from 40 to 120 min with mean time of 63.57±12.95 min. Intraoperative perforation occurred in 2 cases but no delayed perforation and bleeding occurred. Postoperative pathology showed 1 patient with adenoma hyperplasia with crypt abscess,3 patients with low grade intraepithelial neoplasia,6 patients with high grade intraepithelial neophasia,1 patient with carcinoma in situ, 1 patient with carcinoma in M3, and 2 patients with carcinoma in SM1. The number of cases who received en bloc resection, complete resection, and curative resection were 13, 13, and 13, respectively. Conclusion ESD by tunnel technique is safe and effective in the treatment of colorectal large area LST,which is worth popularizing in clinics.