Objective To establish and optimize the ISSR-PCR reaction system for Prunella vulgaris and lay foundation for its genetic diversity research.Methods The single-factor and orthogonal design were applied for optimizing seven factors in the ISSR-PCR reaction system including Mg2+,dNTP,primers,Taq DNA polymerase,the template DNA,annealing temperature,and cycles.Results The suitable PCR reaction system contained 2.2 mmol/L Mg2+,175 ?mol/L dNTP,0.75 ?mol/L primer,1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase,and 30 ng template DNA in total 20 ?L reaction solution.On this basis,18 primers were screened with stable amplification and rich polymorphism from 92 ISSR primers.The optimal annealing temperature for ISSR-PCR reaction was proposed by gradient PCR.Conclusion It is a way to establisb the ISSR-PCR system for orthogonal design combining with single-factor test.And it is proved to be stable and credible for the result of 24 P.vulgaris populations.This optimized ISSR reaction system would provide the basis for the genetic analysis of P.vulgaris.

Objective To establish and optimize ISSR-PCR systems of Chrysanthemum morifolium and lay the foundation for its genetic diversity research. Methods Based on the analysis of variance, an orthogonal design was used to optimize the ISSR-PCR amplification system on C. morifolium by four factors (Taq polymerase, Mg2+, dNTP, and primer) at three concentration levels, respectively. Results A suitable ISSR reaction system was constructed with the 20 ?L reaction system containing 1.00 U Taq polymerase, 2.00 mmol/L Mg2+, 0.20 mmol/L dNTP, and 0.50 ?mol/L primer. Conclusion ISSR-PCR is significantly influenced by the concentration of Taq polymerase, Mg2+, and dNTP. This ISSR-PCR system could provide clear bands, reliable reaction system, and abundant polymorphisms . It is proved to be suitable for the study of the genetic diversity of C. morifolium

Objective To investigate the variation of chemical characteristics with environmental factors and establish a relationship betweem morphological characters and chemical composition of Prunella vulgaris collected in different areas of China.Methods Twelve phenotypic traits and three chemical compositions were assessed in 28 populations of P.vulgaris collected from different locations in China.Results The variability ranges observed at phenotypic and chemical levels were polymorphic.According to the morphological traits,28 populations of P.vulgaris could be grouped into six clusters,and two morpho-types could be clearly distinguished.Perceptible differences could be discerned in the plant height,leaf length,corolla length,calyx length,fruiting spikes length,and maturity period.Based on three kinds of components including ursolic acid,total flavonoids,and total polysaccharides,all populations could be identified as four types.Cluster Ⅳ showing high content of ursolic acid,total flavonoids,and total polysaccharides could be utilized to develop superior derivatives.Conclusion The variation of chemical characteristics is influenced by the genetic and environmental factors,such as soil,climate,longitude,and altitude.It provides a solid basis for efficiently evaluating qualities and establishing good agricultural practices for P.vulgaris.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of waterlogging stress on medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium during the seedling stage and build a reliable evaluation of flooding tolerance indicator system.

METHODThe three cultivars: C. morifolium cv. Hongxinju, C. morifolium cv. Xiaobaiju and C. morifolium cv. Changbanju were studied for the and the effect of waterlogging stress on their physiological and biochemical chracteristics.

RESULTWith the extension of waterlogging, the content of chlorophyll and relative leaf water potential were decreased, meanwhile malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and soluble sugar were increased. The catalase (CAT) of C. morifolium cv. Hongxinju rose at first and then dropped and CAT of C. morifolium cv. Xiaobailu and C. morifolium cv. Changbanju declined at first before decreased, and then dropped again. The peroxidase (POD) rose firstly before decrease and then increases again. After the waterlogging treatments which last for 4 days, the physiology and biochemistry characteristics can not restore to the comparison (CK) within 3 days.

CONCLUSIONFour days waterlogging treatment had made serious damage on medicinal Chrysanthemum. Among three cultivars, C. morifolium Ramat. cv. Hongxinju showed the highest tolerance ability, while C. morifolium cv. Changbanju was the lowest, and C. morifolium cv. Xiaobaiu was in the middle. The malonaldehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) could be the main physiological and biochemical indexes to reflect the tolerance ability against waterlogging.

Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Carbohydrates ; analysis ; Catalase ; analysis ; metabolism ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; enzymology ; physiology ; Dehydration ; Malondialdehyde ; analysis ; metabolism ; Peroxidase ; analysis ; metabolism ; Plant Proteins ; analysis ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; chemistry ; enzymology ; physiology ; Water ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the seeds dormancy release and physiological change of Thesium chinense.

METHODTo release dormancy, the seeds of T. chinense were treated with chemical reagent and stratification under 3-5 degrees C.

RESULTWhen washed with flowing water for 24 h, then soaked in 500 mg x L(-1) GA3 for 24 h, finally, treated with stratification method under 3-5 degrees C for 150 day, the split rate of T. chinense seeds reached 22%, crude fat decreased 50%, total sugar and dissolvability sugar increased 3-4 times, ABA decreased more than 90%, GA3 increased more than 5 times.

CONCLUSIONThe seeds dormancy of T. chinense can be released with the method of washing with flowing water for 24 h, then soaking in 500 mg x L(-1) GA3 for 24 h, finally, treated with stratification method under 3-5 degrees C for 150-180 day.

Abscisic Acid ; pharmacology ; Carbohydrates ; analysis ; Cold Temperature ; Fats ; analysis ; Germination ; physiology ; Gibberellins ; pharmacology ; Magnoliopsida ; drug effects ; physiology ; Plant Dormancy ; drug effects ; physiology ; Plant Growth Regulators ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; drug effects ; physiology ; Seeds ; drug effects ; physiology ; Time Factors ; Water ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo study species diversity and the host of Thesium chinense community.

METHODThe investigation on phytocoenology was carried out on the T. chinense community in 7 areas of Anhui Province and Jiangsu Province. The correlation between species diversity of community and T. chinense abundance was analyzed regarding to the abundance of species, the abundant index of species, species diversity index and community even index.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe results showed that T. chinense liked light, warm climate, liked acidic to neuter soil. The majority of T. chinense distributed in the humid wasteland and herbaceous community. There was a positive correlation between the abundance of T. chinense and the unity numbers of community, and a negative correlation between the abundance of T. chinense and the abundance, coverage, diversity index, Pielou even index of community. T. chinense host species was various. This investigation found 28 host species belong to 11 Families, among them 5 Families and 18 species were found for the first time.

Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Santalaceae ; classification ; physiology ; Soil ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo determine the concentration of mineral elements and analyze the principal components in Thesium chinense.

METHODMineral elements were determined by ICP-DES. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used toanalyze and evaluate the characteristic elements.

RESULTT. chinense contained more than 17 mineral elements, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Sr, B, Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu were abundance in T. chinense. The concentration of Mn and Zn were about 100 microg x g(-1), Mg was from 1 898.0 to 3 137.73 micro x g(-1), Fe > 500 microg x g(-1). PCA concluded that four factors (F1, F2, F3, F4 ) could be used to evaluate the quality of T. chinense. The function is following: F = 0.444 77F1 + 0.237 71F2 + 0.167 28F3 + 0.150 24F4. The scores of different populations of T. chinens were from 0.627 to 0.189. Zn,Cu,Mg,P, K, Al, Fe, Cr, Na, Co, Pb, Mn, B and Ca were the characteristic elements of T. chinense.

CONCLUSIONT. chinense contain more than 17 mineral elements. Zn, Cu, Mg, P, K, Al, Fe, Cr, Na, Co, Pb, Mn, B and Ca were the characteristic elements of T. chinense.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Principal Component Analysis ; Santalaceae ; chemistry ; Trace Elements ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo determine the residues of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in Radix Ophiopogonis and Ophiopogon japonicus.

METHODThe residues of 4 isomers of benzene hexa chloride (BHC) and 4 isomers of dichloro dipheny trichloroethane (DDT) were determined by gas chromatography. The contents of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg and As were determined by ICP.

RESULTThe residues of organochlorine pesticides in Radix Ophiopogonis were lower than the permissible maximum limits of the Chinese national standard except hexachloride (BHC) in Radix Ophiopogonis from Cixi as well as Cu in soil of Luojiang.

CONCLUSIONThe enrichment capacity of Radix Ophiopogonis for (BHC) and Hg is higher. It is suggested that we should try to select herbs-growing soil for O. japonicus with a particular emphasis on the pesticides residues in soil.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ; analysis ; Metals, Heavy ; analysis ; Ophiopogon ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Pesticide Residues ; analysis ; Pesticides ; analysis ; Soil Pollutants ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo explore the character of inorganic elements in Flos Chrysanthemi indici and look for relationship between the element concentration and regions.

METHODThe contents of elements, including borum (B), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium(Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), cesium (Se), barium(Ba) and lead(Pb) in Chinese traditional herb Flos Chrysanthemi indici from different regions were determined by ICP-AES. The element distrubution diagram were plotted. The principal component analysis and correlation analysis of SPSS were applied for the study of characteristic elements.

RESULTSimilar curves of element concentration have been acquired. It is observed that the content of elements in the samples shows regional diversity. There are 15 correlative element pairs in correlation analysis. Four principal components which accounted for over 84.437% of the total variance were extracted from the original data. The first and second factors accounted for 60.090% of the total variance, which means that P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, B, Na and Se may be the characteristic elements.

CONCLUSIONThe showed that element content in Flos Chrysanthemi Indici display special distributing diagram. Remarkable correlation is presented in some element pairs. The elements contents of Flos Chrysanthemi indici gained from Yunan, Hunan are higher than those from other regions.

China ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Principal Component Analysis ; Trace Elements ; analysis