Drug metabolism determines several pharmacological and toxicological properties of pharmaceuticals and is catalyzed by drug metabolizing enzymes. Predicting of drug metabolism in humans based on animal experiments is complicated by species differences in the catalytic properties of these enzymes. This review describes and evaluates the use of recombinant models that contain human drug metabolizing enzymes to facilitate the prediction of pharmacokinetical properties of candidate drugs in humans.

0.05), while clinical control rate of the treatment group was better than the control group (P

Objective To discuss the value of extra-hepatic artery embolization in the treatment of giant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Thirty-five patients with giant HCC were enrolled in this study.Angiography was performed on celiac artery at the 1st time of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE),and on superior mesenteric artery and diaphragmatic artery right internal thoracic artery,right intercostal artery,during the 2nd and next TACEs to explore extra-hepatic blood supply of the tumors.Results In all 35 patients,49 extra-hepatic arterial branches were found,and 46 were treated with chemoembolotherapy,3 with super selective chemotherapy.Diaphragmatic artery often served as extra-hepatic arterial blood supply,and then internal thoracic artery,intercostal artery,etc.Conclusion Super selective chemoembolization or chemothrephy of extra-hepatic blood supply arteries can improve the therapeutic effect of TACE for giant HCC.

Objective To observe clinical therapeutic effect of treating insomnia by moxibustioning Balhui (DU20)and Sisbencong(EX-HN 1) . Methods 276 cases of insomnia were divided into treatment group and control group. The treatment group was treated by moxibustioning on Baihui (DU 20) and Sishencong(EX-HN 1); while the control group was treated by moxibutioning on Zusanli (ST 36). Evaluate the therapeutic effects and PSQI index of the two groups. Results Clinical symptoms got improvement in the both groups. The treatment group was better than the control group in terms of therapeutic effect of the (P＜0.05) and the improvement of PSQI (P＜0.01). Conclusion Moxibustioning on Baihui(DU 20)and Sishencong (EX-HN 1) has a good therapeutic effect for insomnia.

Objective To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine combined with subanesthetic dose of ketamine on the emergence agitation in the patients undergoing thoracotomy.Methods Eighty ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients,aged 55-75 yr,weighing 50-75 kg,scheduled for elective esophageal cancer resection,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =20 each) using a random number table:normal saline group (NS group),dexmedetomidine group (group D),subanesthetic dose of ketamine group (group K),and dexmedetomidine combined with ketamine group (group DK).In DK and K groups,ketamine 0.5 mg/kg was injected intravenously (within 1 min) at 10 min before the end of the operation.In DK and D groups,dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg was infused intravenously over 10 min starting from 10 min before the end of operation.In group NS,the equal volume of normal saline was infused intravenously over 10 min starting from l0 min before the end of operation.The emergence time,extubation time,duration of ICU stay,occurrence and degree of agitation,and development of cardiovascular events and hypoxemia within 24 h after operation were recorded.Ramsay sedation scores were recorded before induction of anesthesia (T1),immediately after completion of administration at the end of surgery (T2),and at 0,5,10 and 30 min after extubation (T3-6).Results There was no significant difference in the emergence time,extubation time,and duration of ICU stay between the four groups.Compared with group NS,Ramsay sedation scores were significantly increased at T3-6,the incidence and degree of agitation were decreased,and the incidence of cardiovascular events and hyoxemia was decreased in D,K and DK groups.Compared with D or K group,Ramsay sedation scores were significantly increased at T3-6,the incidence and degree of agitation were decreased,and the incidence of cardiovascular events and hyoxemia was decreased in group DK.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine combined with subanesthetic dose of ketamine can prevent the emergence agitation in the patients undergoing thoracotomy,which provides better efficacy than either alone.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the clarification and purification technology of Perillae folium extract. METHODS:The effects of 3 clarification and purification methods as chitosan flocculation clarification,ZTC 1+1-Ⅱflocculation clarification,water precipitation on retention rate of total flavonoids and removal rate of solid of Perillae folium extract were compared to screen suit-able clarification and purification technology. With the retention rate of total flavonoids and removal rate of solid as comprehensive evaluation index,single factor and orthogonal test were designed to investigate the optimal value of concentration proportion,the amount of the flocculant,flocculation temperature and whisking speed in optimal clarification and purification method. RESULTS:Among 3 methods,the chitosan flocculation clarification was the best with concentration proportion of 1∶4,chitosan of 1.0 g/L, flocculation temperature at 60 ℃,whisking speed of 100 r/min,whisking time of 4 min,standing time of 12 h. Under the condi-tion of optimal processing,the retention rate of total flavonoids was (85.1 ± 0.75)%,and the removal rate of solid was (24.6 ± 1.33)%(n=5). CONCLUSIONS:Chitosan flocculation can be used to effectively remove the impurity of Perillae folium extract, and optimized clarification and purification technology is stable and feasible.

Objective To evaluate the effects of sub anesthetic dose of ketamine combined with sufentanil on postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA)in patients undergoing radical resection of esophageal cancer.Methods Ninety patients,ASAⅠorⅡ,aged 55-75 years old,se-lected for radical resection of esophageal cancer were randomly divided into three groups:group S1,group S2,group SK,30 patients in each group were treated with PCIA.Group S1,2 μg/kg sufentanyl;group S2,2.5 μg/kg sufentanyl;group SK 2 μg/kg sufentanyl+90 μg·kg-1·h-1 ketamine.6 mg of granisetron was added to each group,and then diluted into 100 ml of normal saline.All patients were administered load-ing doses of 5 ml analgesics 30 min before the end of the operation.The VAS score,Ramsay sedation score, SBP,DBP,HR,SpO2 and adverse effects were recorded respectively at 4,8,24 and 48 hours after opera-tion.The total times of pressing PCIA were also recorded in 48 h after operation.Results There was no statistically significant difference in Ramsay sedation score,SBP,DBP,HR and SpO2 at 4,8,24,48 hours after operation in the three groups.Compared with group S1,the VAS score and total number of pressing PCIA times in groups SK and S2 were significantly lower in 48 h after operation (P <0.05).Compared with group S2,VAS score and the total number of pressing PCIA times in group SK were significantly de-creased in 48 h after operation (P <0.05).Two patients from group SK occurred respiratory depression 48 h after operation.There was no statistically significant difference in incidence of adverse effects in the three groups.Conclusion Sub anesthetic dose of ketamine combined with sufentanil on PCIA can reduce postoper-ative sufentanil consumption and significantly relieve the postoperative pain in patients undergoing radical re-section of esophageal cancer.The analgesic effect is better than using sufentanil alone.

With the research progress of pathogenesis of JAK gene in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), more tyrosine kinase inhibitors were developed. MPN quantify scoring system is used to determine the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for MPN. The choice of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tyrosine kinase for the relief of MPN symptom burden, etc, become the topics of the 57th American Society of Hematology (ASH) annual meeting.

Objective To prepare and characterize specific monoclonal antibodies( McAbs) against the heavy chain of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A ( BoNT/AHc ) .Methods BALB/c mice were immunized with purified BoNT/AHc protein.After the fusion of mouse splenic cells with SP2/0 cells, hybridoma cell lines secreted McAbs against BoNT/AHc. The McAbs obtained were characterized by indirect ELISA, Western blotting and rapid isotypingassay before being used in ELISA to detect interaction sites in McAbs and BoNT/AHc preliminarily.Results Antigen protein BoNT/AHc of high purification was obtained.Four hybridoma cell lines secreting McAbs against BoNT/AHc were screened,named 1A4,3H3, 3H7 and 5H8,respectively.Their titers of McAbs were all above 3.0 ×103 .They were specifically combined with BoNT/AHc protein by Western blotting.The isotype of 1A4 and 3H7 was IgG1(Κ),that of 3H3 was IgM(Κ),and that of 5H8 was IgG2b(Κ).Additive ELISA showed that epitopes recognized by the four McAbs were close.ELISA analysis confirmed the interaction epitopes in McAbs and BoNT/AHc.Conclusion Monoclonal antibodies against BoNT/AHc are prepared and characterized,providing effective tools for studying the neutralizing antibody and antibody epitopes of BoNT/AHc.

Objective:To evaluate the real-world short-term effectiveness of ixekizumab in the treatment of psoriasis, and to investigate factors influencing the effectiveness.Methods:Baseline data and short-term effectiveness evaluation results were retrospectively collected from patients with psoriasis, who received ixekizumab treatment in Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital from November 2019 to September 2021. A descriptive analysis was performed on the baseline characteristics of patients, continuous data were described as median (lower quartile, upper quartile), and categorical data were described as percentages. Comparisons of disease severity scores before and after the treatment with ixekizumab were performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test or paired McNemar test. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore factors influencing the effectiveness of 4-week ixekizumab treatment.Results:A total of 118 patients with psoriasis were included, including 94 males and 24 females, and their age [ M ( Q1, Q3) ] was 43.4 (32.5, 53.0) years; plaque psoriasis (99 cases, 83.9%) and severe psoriasis (72 cases, 68.6%) predominated among the 118 patients, and skin lesions were mainly located on the scalp (59/116, 50.9%). Among the 49 patients who had received 2-week ixekizumab treatment, 27 (55.1%) achieved a 50% improvement in the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score (PASI50) ; after 4-week treatment, 44 (89.8%), 30 (61.2%), 13 (26.5%) and 10 (20.4%) patients achieved PASI50/75/90/100 respectively, and their PASI scores (2.1 [1.1, 7.1]), involved body surface area (3.9% [0.5%, 14.5%]), dermatology life quality index scores (1.0 [0.0, 2.0]) and physician global assessment (PGA) scores (1.0 [1.0, 3.0]) were significantly lower than the corresponding scores at baseline (12.4 [8.8, 23.2], 22.0% [11.3%, 43.4%], 6.0 [3.0, 11.0], 4.0 [3.0, 5.0], respectively; all P < 0.001]. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the baseline body mass index was significantly associated with the PASI75 response rate ( OR = 0.814, 95% CI: 0.659 - 0.958, P = 0.029) and the proportion of patients with PGA0/1 ( OR = 0.743, 95% CI: 0.562 - 0.917, P = 0.017) after 4-week ixekizumab treatment, and the baseline BSA score was significantly associated with the proportion of patients with PGA0/1 after 4-week ixekizumab treatment ( OR = 0.924, 95% CI: 0.870 - 0.968, P = 0.003) . Conclusion:The 4-week ixekizumab treatment significantly decreased the severity of psoriasis, and may be more effective in patients with lower disease severity and lower body mass index at baseline.