To catch hold of opportunity,reforming and innovation of experimental teaching were explorered and discussed according to the characteristic of parasitological course.We cultured synthetic diathesis of students by arranging reasonably supply of teachers and exhibiting PBL teaching modes,and regulating modes of experimental teaching content and improving experimental conditions.

Objective To analyze our experience in primary closure of common bile duct after laparoscopic bile duct exploration.Methods From June 1992 to March 2018,2 740 patients underwent primary closure of common bile duct after laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in the Second People's Hospital of Chengdu.Results The operations were successfully carried out in 2 534 (92.4％) out of 2 740 patients,of whom 15 patients (0.6％) were converted to open common bile duct exploration.Bile leakage occurred in 113 patients (4.1％).Residual stones were found in 29 patients (1.1％).One patient (0.1％) who had a pancreatic carcinoma died on postoperation day 15.48 patients (1.8％) developed other complications.The total postoperative complication rate was 7.0％ (191/2 740).Conclusion In suitable patients,laparoscopic bile duct exploration with primary closure was feasible,safe and effective.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of primary closure in laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE).Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted.The clinicopathological data of 2 429 patients who underwent primary closure in LCBDE in the Second Hospital of Chengdu City from March 1992 to December 2017 were collected.Patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) + stone extraction using LCBDE or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL),laparoscopic endoscopic sphincteropapillotomy (LEST) was performed selectively,then underwent laparoscopic endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (LENBD) or laparoscopic transabdominal antegrade-guide common bile duct stent implantation,finally underwent primary closure of common bile duct.Observation indicators:(1) surgical situations;(2) postoperative recovery;(3) postoperative short-term complications;(4) follow-up situation.Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to observe long-term surgical complications once every 3 months up to 1 year postoperatively.Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as (x) ± s.Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (range).Results (1) Surgical situations:of 2 429 patients,2 251 underwent successful stone extraction using LCBDE,relief of the obstruction and primary closure of common bile duct,with depletion of stones;15 underwent stone extraction using conversion to open surgery,with depletion of stones;163 had residual stones or surgery-related complications.Of 2 429 patients,1 144,898,223,110 and 54 were respectively detected in grade N or 0,1,2,3 and 4 of laparoscopic distal of the common bile duct smooth classification (LDSC);599 underwent LEST,367 underwent LENBD,207 indwelled urinary catheter through cystic duct stump,125 underwent laparoscopic transabdominal antegrade-guide common bile duct stent implantation and 1 131 underwent primary closure in LCBDE only.Number of removing the stones,diameter of common bile duct,volume of intraoperative blood loss and operation time was (2.5±0.2)per case,(0.7±0.4)cm,(22.4±2.6)mL and (100±12) minutes,respectively.(2) Postoperative recovery:time of postoperative gastrointestinal function recovery,duration of hospital stay and treatment expenses were respectively (2.5±0.5) days,(7.3± 1.2) days and (2.7±0.3) × 104 yuan.Of 2 429 patients,367 removed nasobiliary catheter at 3-7 days postoperatively,207 removed urinary catheter at 3-6 weeks postoperatively,and 125 removed common bile duct stent through duodenoscope port at 1-4 months postoperatively.(3) Postoperative short-term complications:incidence of postoperative short-term complications in 2 429 patients was 6.711％ (163/2 429).① Ninety-four patients with bile leakage were cured after drainage and symptomatic and supportive treatment.② Of 29 patients with residual stones:25 with residual stones of common bile duct were cured by stone extraction using endoscopic sphincterotomy of duodenal papilla,and 4 with residual stones of intrahepatic bile duct didn't receive treatment.③ One patient died at 15 days after surgery for pancreatic cancer.④ Of 39 with postoperative other complications:2 with postoperative hemorrhage were cured by laparoscopic reoperation;12,19 and 3 were respectively complicated with postoperative inflammatory stenosis of duodenal papilla induced to short-term obstructive jaundice,mild acute pancreatitis and stress ulcer bleeding of upper digestive tract,and they were improved by endoscopy or non-operation treatment;2 with stenosis of bile duct didn't receive treatment;1 had a miss ligation at bending section of front zone of nasobiliary catheter,and ligation was removed by endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the pancreatic at 19 days postoperatively.(4) Follow-up situation:of 2 429 patients,1 749 were followed up for 3-12 months,with a median time of 6 months.During the follow-up,of 1 749 patients,2 had mild stenosis in the primary closure area of common bile duct incision and 1 had stenosis of duodenal papilla,they were not treated,and other patients didn't have related complications.Conclusion Controlling strictly the operative indication,primary closure of common bile duct in LCBDE is safe and feasible,with satisfactory clinical outcomes.