Repeat prescription is adopted in Singapore as a convenient measure for patients with chronic diseases.On the one hand, it can avoid patients''inconvenience caused by frequent visits to hospitals.On the other hand, it reduces the waste of medical resources.In recent years, Singapore has also been using modern technology and measures to expand the medication refill service actively in order to enhance work efficiency, reduce waiting time and promote drug safety, thus to improve patients'' satisfaction.With the increasing medical pressure and the deepening of medical reform, the repeat prescription model in Singapore shows positive enlightenment to China.

The recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation (LT) has a major impact on outcome, while the guide of treatment of it is lacked until now. so this review will attempt to sum-marize how best to manage recurrent HCC after LT in detail.

Glucose metabolism of cancer cells presents Warburg effect.In resent years,more and more experiments demonstrate that the therapeutics based on aerobic glycolysis pathway in cancer cells restrict energy and inhibit tumor proliferation through the inhibition of a variety of moleculars,genes and signal pathways.These can provide an opportunity for targeted cancer therapies and possess enormous potential advantages and broad prospects in clinical application.

Soft aid for health has become an important component of China's foreign aid. Soft aid for health with a focus on human resources development reflects the core spirit and the innovative mechanism of China's foreign aid. This paper examines three different types of aid for health human resources: medical assistance teams, govern-ment scholarships for students from developing countries, and health training courses for officials from developing countries. It also argues that China's foreign aid exposes problems, including insufficient strategic planning, non-in-volvement of civil society and NGOs, and lack of research on China's soft aid practices. In this paper, we suggests that to improve the effectiveness of foreign aid, the government should improve its strategic planning for aid, ensure the full public participation, strengthen the academic research, and improve knowledge sharing.

OBJECTIVE:To learn the application and tendency of hepatoprotective drugs in a third grade class A hospital dur-ing 2011-2014,and to provide reference for rational drug use. METHODS:DDDs analysis and consumption ordering method were adopted to analyze the change of DDDs,DDC and other index of hepatoprotective drugs in this hospital from 2011 to 2014. RE-SULTS:2011-2014,the amount and DDDs of Hepatoprotective injection in this hospital increased year by year,while oral dosage form decreased year by year. DDC order of each drug kept stable during 2011-2014;DDC and DDDs of drugs for promoting ener-gy metabolism were all in high level,and ornithine aspartate and ademetionine always took up the first 2 places in 4 years. Polyene phosphatidylcholine and Reduced glutathione injection were cheap,but had higher DDDs. Except Glutathione tablet,DUI of other hepatoprotective drugs had no great difference in 3 years,and fluctuated in 2014;hepatoprotective drugs with DUI>1 and DUI<1 occupied a large proportion. From 2010 to 2014,compared with previous year,the drugs with consumption sum/DDDs ratio num-ber close to 1 reduced significantly in the next year,decreasing year by year. CONCLUSIONS:In this hospital,injections are used too frequently,and overuse of drugs for promoting energy metabolism exist. Polyene phosphatidylcholine and Reduced glutathione injection can be used as a valuable drug in the clinic,and their cost are more acceptable,but not in excess.

Objective To explore the pathological changes of lung, expression of the relevant inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats undergoing autologous orthotopic liver transplantation (AOLT). Methods Thirty SD rats were randomized into sham group and AOLT group. The pathological changes of lung, expression of the relevant inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers were detected . Results ( 1 ) Compared with the sham group , the pathological scores of lung tissue in AOLT group increased significantly and reached its peak at 8 h after surgery. Then the pathological scores decreased to the level of sham within 24 h to 48 h after surgery; (2)The relative expression of inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 increased significantly and reached its peak at 8 h after surgery in AOLT group. Then decreased to the level of sham group within 24 h to 48 h after surgery; (3)The change trends of MDA and H2O2 were similar to inflammatory mediators.The relative SOD expression decreased significantly and touched the nadir at 8h after surgery and then increased. Conclusion The pathological changes of lung expression, the relevant inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers of rats underwent AOLT were consistent.

Objective:To investigate the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF)on cell cycle and cell cycle-related regulatory factors of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell line Eca109.Methods: Serum starved Eca109 cells were treated with 20 ng/ml recombinant human EGF(rhEGF)for 24 h.The cell cycle phase distribution was detected by flow cytometry.The mRNA and protein expression levels of p21CIP1/WAF1(p21) and p27KIP1(p27) were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and Western blot,respectively.Results: The proportions of G1 phase cells in EGF group and control group were ( 54.90 ±0.82 )% and ( 65.94 ±0.74 )%.The mRNA and protein expression levels of p 21 in EGF group was significantly higher ,and p27 was significantly lower than that in control group ( P<0.01 ) .Conclusion: EGF facilitates G1-S phase transition,and promotes the proliferation of Eca 109 cells,which may be associated with the up-regulation of p21 and down-regulation of p27.

Objective To construct a eukaryotic expression vector in Pichia pastoris containing human tissue factor( hTF) gene,in order to achieve high level secretory expression in extracellular.Methods Expression plasmid, pGAPZaA-hTF, was constructed by inserting the synthesized sequence encoding human extracellular tissue factor into yeast expression vector pGAPZaA and transformed into Pichia pastoris SMD1168H with electroporation.Having been selected by Zeocin, transformants containing hTF cDNA were expressed in YPD, extracellular proteins were detected by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by Western bolt.Results Successfully constructed the recombinant pGAPZaA-hTF expression system in Pichia pastoris.SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular weight of the expression product was about 37 -40 kDa.Western-blot indicated that it was human extracellular tissue factor.The crude yield of total protein in medium was up to 1 g/L, more than 80% of which was hTF.Conclusion Truncated rTF gene is expressed in Pichia pastoris and the active products are secreted into the medium which have the same activation as the native TF.

Objective: To investigate the e-cigarette use and its influencing factors among middle school students in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into e-cigarette control among adolescents. Methods: Students of junior high schools, high schools and vocational high schools in Ningbo City were sampled using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method from September to October 2021. Students' general information, cigarette and e-cigarette use and e-cigarette advertising exposure were collected using 2021 China Youth Tobacco Survey Questionnaire, and proportions of e-cigarette current use and attempt to use were analyzed. Factors affecting the attempt to use e-cigarettes were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: Totally 1 591 questionnaires were allocated, and 1 574 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective rate of 98.93%. The respondents included 863 males (54.83%) and 711 females (45.17%); 787 junior high school students (50.00%), 535 high school students (33.99%) and 252 vocational high school students (16.01%). The proportion of current e-cigarette use was 1.91% and the proportion of attempt to use e-cigarettes was 6.61%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified males (OR=2.544, 95%CI: 1.438-4.501), living in rural areas (OR=2.084, 95%CI: 1.195-3.634), having close friends who were smokers (OR=4.828, 95%CI: 2.936-7.940), witnessing teachers smoking at school (OR=2.766, 95%CI: 1.642-4.659), e-cigarette advertising exposure (OR=2.155, 95%CI: 1.315-3.532), current cigarette use (OR=9.365, 95%CI: 2.610-33.603) and attempt to use cigarettes (OR=7.519, 95%CI: 4.115-13.737) as promoting factors for the attempt to use e-cigarette. Conclusions There are e-cigarette use behaviors among middle school students in Ningbo City. Having teachers or close friends who were smokers, cigarette use behaviors and e-cigarette advertising exposure may increase the risk of attempt to use e-cigarettes among middle school students.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of intention to smoke and current smoking and identify its influencing factors among middle school students in Ningbo City, so as to provide insights into the development and implementation of tobacco control among adolescents. Methods: The epidemiological data of tobacco use among adolescents in Ningbo City in 2021 were collected, including demographics, tobacco use, parents' and close friends' smoking status, secondhand smoke exposure and tobacco advertisement exposure. The intention to smoke, current smoking, secondhand smoke exposure and tobacco advertisement exposure were descriptively analyzed among middle school students, and the factors affecting intention to smoke, current smoking were identified using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Totally 1 591 questionnaires were allocated to middle school students, and 1 574 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 98.93%. The respondents included 787 junior high school students, 535 high school students and 252 vocational high school students, and the prevalence was intention to smoke and current smoking was 6.73% and 1.78% among the respondents, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified boys (OR=2.398, 95%CI: 1.466-3.922), high school students (OR=2.051, 95%CI: 1.212-3.470), vocational high school students (OR=2.011, 95%CI: 1.108-3.650), more than 100 yuan disposable pocket money per week (OR=2.534, 95%CI: 1.301-4.935) and close friends' smoking (OR=4.310, 95% CI: 2.755-6.757) as risk factors of intention to smoke, and boys (OR=12.420, 95%CI: 1.645-93.753), close friends' smoking (OR=11.628, 95%CI: 4.348-31.250) and parents' smoking (OR=2.667, 95%CI: 1.029-6.897) as risk factors of current smoking among middle school students. The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure and tobacco advertisement exposure was 76.43% and 51.65%, and television/video/cinema was the most likely route of tobacco advertisement exposure (42.06%). Conclusions The prevalence of intention to smoke and current smoking is low among middle school students in Ningbo City; however, the proportions of exposure to secondhand smoke and tobacco advertisement are relatively high. Tobacco control interventions are recommended to be intensified targeting high-risk populations, such as vocational high school students.