Bile dut injury (BDI) is one of the severe complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).The classification,diagnosis and treatment of the BDI caused by LC are partly controversial.The most efficient classification of the BDI is Strasberg-Bismuth's classification and the three modes and four classes developed by the Biliary Surgery Group of Surgery Branch of Chinese Medical Association.Although the success rate of intraoperative diagnosis for the BDI is very low,in most cases,the BDI is diagnosed by clinical manifestations and assistant examinations.Accurate classification and early diagnosis could help us to make a specific one for each patient according to certain situation.In this review,we focus on the classification,diagnosis and treatment of the BDI caused by LC.

Through studying Marxism philosophy,medical graduate students can master scientific methodology and dialectic thought.This is helpful to analyze and comprehend rightly different kind of complicated issues and to improve cognition level and practice ability.It is also very important for medical graduate students to guide political education and moral cultivation,medical practice and science research.

Colorectal cancer remains a major threat to people’s health around the world. Researchers have paid more and more attention to colorectal cancer epigenetics. From two main aspects of colorectal cancer epigenetics: DNA methylation and histone modiifcation, this article analyzes the similarities and differences between patients with colorectal cancer in Eastern and Western countries. This review brielfy introduces epigenetic modiifcation of genes that were used to be biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Although there are some common features of colorectal cancer in the world, analysis has showed that some obvious epigenetic differences do exist in different races. For example, it had been conifrmed in the studies that there are differences in speciifc gene methylation, histone modiifcation sites and the degree of methylation and acetylation among countries, which provide the basis for speciifc diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer in different ethnic groups. With improved research methods and increased sample size, more and more special molecular targets of colorectal cancer tissues will be found, and then personalized therapy for colorectal cancer can be achieved.

Hedgehog( Hh)signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates,its excessive activation is associated with abnormal cell differentiation, over proliferation, apoptosis resistance and promotion of invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Hh signaling pathway involves in the formation and maintenance of esophageal columnar epithelium in embryonic stage,however,undetectable or barely expressed in matured esophageal squamous epithelium. Studies have shown that esophageal Hh signaling pathway can be activated by gastric acid and bile salts. Aberrant activation of Hh signaling pathway can cause the gradual transition of squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium and intestinal-type epithelium,ultimately induces the occurrence of Barrett’s esophagus( BE). Therefore,targeted inhibiting the Hh signaling pathway may be a new strategy for the treatment of BE. This article reviewed the advances in study on Hh signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of BE.

Objective To investigate the effect of tetramethylpyrazine(TMP), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on the neural injury caused by spinal cord ischemia and reperfusion in rabbit.Methods Twenty-two male New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by 20min by infra-renal aortic occlusion. Animals were randomly allocated to 3 groups. Group C received no pharmacologic intervention. Group P and T received 30 mg?kg -1 TMP infused iv at a constant rate over 30min before aortic crossclamping(prevention) and after reperfusion(therapeutic) respectively. Neurologic deficit was assessed at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48h after reperfusion using neurologic dificit score(NDS 4 = normal, 0 = paraplegia) . The animals were sacrificed at 48h after reperfusion and spinal cords (L 5-7) were removed immediately for histopathologic study.Results All animals survived the experiment. The NDSs at each observation interval were significantly higher in group P and T than those in group C (P

Objective To assess the clinical feasibility and safety of coronary artery angiography(CAG) and intervention through transradial approach. Methods 134 patients received coronary artery angiography and interventions through transradial approach were selected. The complications such as hematoma, thrombus were observed. Results Transradial puncture succeed in 126 cases, the successful rate of transradial coronary intervention was 94.0%.The complication occurred in 12 patients (8.9%). Conclusion This investigation demonstrated the safety and feasibility of transradial approach for coronary angiography with less procedure complications and pain for patient.

Objective To improve the biocompatibility of the metallic stent used for interventional treatment. Methods Inner coatings, outer coatings and micro-porous coatings were made using the solution-injection method, and salt crystallite with demanded size was added in order to develop micro-porous coatings. Results The optical concentrations of polyurethane solution and of salt crystallite (for micro-porous coatings) were obtained, and the corresponding processes were developed. Conclusion The poly-coated stent retains its elasticity, and it become very convenient to develop stents carrying drugs. Its effects on animals ard under test.

The integration of the biochemistry teaching content in thematic teaching pattern is the key link to realize the specialization of biochemistry and the theme of teaching contents.Around the theme of the content integration,weakening discipline consciousness and serving the professional ability are the requirements of curriculum reform of the new era and the requirements of the education concept students as the main body,teachers as the leading.In practice,we should conduct content integration three-dimensional perspective fromthree-dimensional perspective three dimensional perspectives of biochemicalthreedimensional perspective knowledge,professional and practical characteristics,including the integration of professional theme and the integration of teaching theme in order to build a suitable subject teaching mode,to further improve the teaching effect of biochemistry.

Objective To analyze the factors related with intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) in spine and spinal cord surgery under general anesthesia, in order to increase the effectiveness of IONM. Methods A retrospective study was performed on patients who received somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) and motor-evoked potentials (MEP) in spine surgery under general anesthesia from Ju-ly, 2011 to January, 2016. Results Data from 104 patients were collected in which 18 cases had abnormal SEP and 17 cases had abnormal MEP. A single factor analysis indicated that abnormal SEP was related to concentration of inhalation anesthetic (CIA), hypothermia in peri-operative period (HTM), and type of anesthesia (χ2>6.219, P<0.05), whereas abnormal MEP was related to CIA, hypotension in periopera-tive period (HTN), and additional muscular relaxants (χ2>4.125, P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that abnormal SEP was relat-ed to CIA and HTM, whereas abnormal MEP was related to CIA and HTN (P<0.05). Conclusion CIA, HTM, and HTN were possible fac-tors related with IONM in spine surgery under general anesthesia.

AIM: To explore the effects and mechanism of interleukin-2 (IL-2) on the positive effect of isoproterenol (ISO) in the isolated rat cardiomyocytes. METHODS: Enzymatically isolated cardiomyocytes were used. Peak twitch amplitude and maximal velocity of shortening/relaxation (?dL/dt_~max ) in the isolated cardiomyocytes were recorded with a microscope coupled to a charge-coupled device camera and [Ca~2+ ]i transients were determined with a fluorometric ratio method by using Fura-2/AM as Ca~2+ indicators. RESULTS: ① ISO increased the peak twitch amplitude and ?dL/dt_~max of the isolated cardiomyocytes. Perfusion for 15 min with IL-2 at 2?103 U/L, which had no effect at all, attenuated the enhancing effect of ISO on the peak twitch amplitude and ?dL/dt_~max . ② ISO increased the [Ca~2+ ]i transients of the single ventricular myocytes in a dose dependent manner and the corresponding EC_~50 values of ISO was (0.12?0.01) ?mol/L. Perfusion for 15 min with IL-2 at 2?103 U/L, which had no effect on the ~[Ca~2+ ]i transient at all, attenuated the enhancing effect of ISO and the corresponding EC_~50 was (0.44?0.06) ?mol/L. ③ The electrically induced [Ca~2+ ]i transient was significantly increased by pretreatment with 20 mg/L cholera toxin for ~12 h. The elevation of the [Ca~2+ ]i transient induced by cholera toxin was significantly attenuated by 2?103 U/L IL-2. ④ Forskolin (1 ?mol/L), the activator of adenyl cyclase, significantly increased the electrically induced [Ca~2+ ]i transient, which was attenuated by IL-2 at 2?103 U/L. CONCLUSION: IL-2 inhibits the positive effect of isoproterenol in the isolated single ventricular myocytes, in which Gs protein and adenyl cyclase are involved. [