Bile dut injury (BDI) is one of the severe complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).The classification,diagnosis and treatment of the BDI caused by LC are partly controversial.The most efficient classification of the BDI is Strasberg-Bismuth's classification and the three modes and four classes developed by the Biliary Surgery Group of Surgery Branch of Chinese Medical Association.Although the success rate of intraoperative diagnosis for the BDI is very low,in most cases,the BDI is diagnosed by clinical manifestations and assistant examinations.Accurate classification and early diagnosis could help us to make a specific one for each patient according to certain situation.In this review,we focus on the classification,diagnosis and treatment of the BDI caused by LC.

Through studying Marxism philosophy,medical graduate students can master scientific methodology and dialectic thought.This is helpful to analyze and comprehend rightly different kind of complicated issues and to improve cognition level and practice ability.It is also very important for medical graduate students to guide political education and moral cultivation,medical practice and science research.

Objective To assess the clinical feasibility and safety of coronary artery angiography(CAG) and intervention through transradial approach. Methods 134 patients received coronary artery angiography and interventions through transradial approach were selected. The complications such as hematoma, thrombus were observed. Results Transradial puncture succeed in 126 cases, the successful rate of transradial coronary intervention was 94.0%.The complication occurred in 12 patients (8.9%). Conclusion This investigation demonstrated the safety and feasibility of transradial approach for coronary angiography with less procedure complications and pain for patient.

Hedgehog( Hh)signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates,its excessive activation is associated with abnormal cell differentiation, over proliferation, apoptosis resistance and promotion of invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Hh signaling pathway involves in the formation and maintenance of esophageal columnar epithelium in embryonic stage,however,undetectable or barely expressed in matured esophageal squamous epithelium. Studies have shown that esophageal Hh signaling pathway can be activated by gastric acid and bile salts. Aberrant activation of Hh signaling pathway can cause the gradual transition of squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium and intestinal-type epithelium,ultimately induces the occurrence of Barrett’s esophagus( BE). Therefore,targeted inhibiting the Hh signaling pathway may be a new strategy for the treatment of BE. This article reviewed the advances in study on Hh signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of BE.

Colorectal cancer remains a major threat to people’s health around the world. Researchers have paid more and more attention to colorectal cancer epigenetics. From two main aspects of colorectal cancer epigenetics: DNA methylation and histone modiifcation, this article analyzes the similarities and differences between patients with colorectal cancer in Eastern and Western countries. This review brielfy introduces epigenetic modiifcation of genes that were used to be biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Although there are some common features of colorectal cancer in the world, analysis has showed that some obvious epigenetic differences do exist in different races. For example, it had been conifrmed in the studies that there are differences in speciifc gene methylation, histone modiifcation sites and the degree of methylation and acetylation among countries, which provide the basis for speciifc diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer in different ethnic groups. With improved research methods and increased sample size, more and more special molecular targets of colorectal cancer tissues will be found, and then personalized therapy for colorectal cancer can be achieved.

Objective To investigate the effect of tetramethylpyrazine(TMP), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on the neural injury caused by spinal cord ischemia and reperfusion in rabbit.Methods Twenty-two male New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by 20min by infra-renal aortic occlusion. Animals were randomly allocated to 3 groups. Group C received no pharmacologic intervention. Group P and T received 30 mg?kg -1 TMP infused iv at a constant rate over 30min before aortic crossclamping(prevention) and after reperfusion(therapeutic) respectively. Neurologic deficit was assessed at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48h after reperfusion using neurologic dificit score(NDS 4 = normal, 0 = paraplegia) . The animals were sacrificed at 48h after reperfusion and spinal cords (L 5-7) were removed immediately for histopathologic study.Results All animals survived the experiment. The NDSs at each observation interval were significantly higher in group P and T than those in group C (P

Objective To improve the biocompatibility of the metallic stent used for interventional treatment. Methods Inner coatings, outer coatings and micro-porous coatings were made using the solution-injection method, and salt crystallite with demanded size was added in order to develop micro-porous coatings. Results The optical concentrations of polyurethane solution and of salt crystallite (for micro-porous coatings) were obtained, and the corresponding processes were developed. Conclusion The poly-coated stent retains its elasticity, and it become very convenient to develop stents carrying drugs. Its effects on animals ard under test.

Influenza is a major threat to millions of people worldwide. Vaccines and antiviral agents are two main options available to reduce the impact of the influenza virus, while anti-influenza agents are the most effective means to prevent the transmission of the highly contagious virus and to treat the epidemics of disease. At present, four anti-influenza agents have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of influenza, including two M2 protein ion channel inhibitors-amantadine and rimantadine and two neuraminidase inhibitors-zanamivir and oseltamivir. Arbidol hydrochloride, launched in Russia, is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus, too. Neuraminidase inhibitors could be classified generally by structure into six different kinds: sialic acid derivatives, benzoic acid derivatives, cyclohexene derivatives, cyclopentane derivatives, pyrrolidine derivatives and natural products. In this paper, recent progress in the research of the action mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of these anti-influenza virus agents were reviewed.

Objective To investigate the effects of rehabilitation training on the microenvironment for axon regeneration and the possible mechanisms promoting axon regeneration,reconstruction and functional compensation after spinal cord injury (SCI) in beagle dogs.Methods Fifteen beagles were divided into a sham operated group,an SCI model group and a rehabilitation training group.Spinal cord hemi-transection injury was carried out.From the 8th day after SCI,the rehabilitation training group was given treadmill training.All dogs were sacrificed 60 days postinjury and samples were harvested.Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) expression of astroglial cells around the injured area was observed using an immunofluorescence technique.The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CSPG protein in each group were semi-quantified by Western blot analysis.Axon regeneration was observed by silver staining.Motor function was assessed using modified Tarlov scores.Results In the rehabilitation training group,compared with the model group astroglial production of CSPG was reduced remarkably.Both CSPG expression and axon regeneration were enhanced and functional deficits improved.Conclusions Rehabilitation training can inhibit astroglial production of CSPG,improve the microenvironment for injured axon regeneration,and promote reconstruction and functional compensation after traumatic SCI.

Objective To investigate the effects of preconditioning with repeated electroacupuncture (EA)at Shenshu acupoint on renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.Methods Fifty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 260-320 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham operation group (n =5),I/R group,pentobarbital sodium + I/R group (PB + I/R group) and repeated EA at Shenshu acupoint + I/R group (EA + I/R group).The model of renal I/R injury was established by occlusion of bilateral renal pedicles for 45 min followed by reperfusion.Pentobarbital sodium 30 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally everyday for 5 consecutive days and I/R was induced 24 h after the last injection in PB + I/R group.The animals received EA at Shenshu acupiont 30min per day for 5 consecutive days under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia and I/R was induced 24 h after the last preconditioning in EA + I/R group.Blood samples were taken at 1,3 and 7 days after I/R to determine the levels of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr).The animals were then sacrificed and the kidney was isolated.The histological changes of the kidney was scored.The apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells was measured using TUNEL at 3 days after I/R.Apoptosis index (AI) was calculated.The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA),Bcl-2,Bax,Fas and FasL in renal tubular epithelial cells was measured by immuno-histochemistry at 3 days after I/R.Results Compared with group S,the levels of serum BUN and Cr,and histological score were significantly increased at 1,3 and 7 days after I/R in I/R and PB + I/R groups,and at 1 and 3 days after I/R in EA + I/R group,the expression of PCNA,Bcl-2,Bax,Fas and FasL was up-regulated in I/R,PB + I/R and EA + I/R groups,and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was significantly increased in I/R and PB + I/R groups (P ＜0.05).Compared with I/R and PB + I/R groups,the levels of serum BUN and Cr,and histological score were significantly decreased at 3 and 7 days after I/R,AI and the expression of Bax,Fas and FasL were significantly decreased,and the expression of PCNA and Bcl-2 was up-regulated in EA + I/R group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Preconditioning with repeated EA at Shenshu acupoint can attenuate the renal I/R injury in rats by promoting the proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells and reducing the apoptosis in cells.