In order to check the neck response and injury during motor vehicle accidents, we developed a detailed finite element model for human cervical spine C4-C6. This model consisted of cortical bone, cancellous bone, annulus, nucleus, ligaments and articular facet, and it also set up contact in the contacting parts for simulating the movement perfectly under frontal impact. This model could be used for stress and strain distribution after the frontal impact load was applied on this model. During the process of frontal impact, the most displacement simulated data were in the interval range of experimental data. The experimental results showed that this model for the human cervical spine C4-C6 simulated the movement under the frontal impact with fidelity, and reflected the impact dynamics response on the whole.
Accidents, Traffic ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cervical Vertebrae ; physiology ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Models, Anatomic ; Movement

Bile dut injury (BDI) is one of the severe complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).The classification,diagnosis and treatment of the BDI caused by LC are partly controversial.The most efficient classification of the BDI is Strasberg-Bismuth's classification and the three modes and four classes developed by the Biliary Surgery Group of Surgery Branch of Chinese Medical Association.Although the success rate of intraoperative diagnosis for the BDI is very low,in most cases,the BDI is diagnosed by clinical manifestations and assistant examinations.Accurate classification and early diagnosis could help us to make a specific one for each patient according to certain situation.In this review,we focus on the classification,diagnosis and treatment of the BDI caused by LC.

Objective Both kidneys of mice used To investigate the surgical procedures for establishment of murine kidney transplantation models by using bilaterial donor kidneys as grafts for two recipients.Method Using Balb/c male mice as donors/receptors,through careful dissection and trimming of donor renal vessels and abdominal great vessels,both right and left kidneys were harvested and separately transplanted into two recipients.The anastomosis between the aorta and vena cava of the graft and recipient mouse was made in end to-side manner using the 10-0 sutures.The artery and vein was anastomosed by dual point 180 continuous sutures.The technique of pulling the end of graft ureter into recipient's bladder and external fixation method were used for urethral reconstruction.Five days later the recipient's kidney was removed after transplantation.Result The kidneys in 30 mice were transplanted (15 left kidneys and 15 right kidneys) and model survival rate was 76.7％ (12/15 for the left and 11/15 for the right).The average operating time of donor was 339 min and that of recipient was 46 12 min.Cold ischemia time for the first and second transplantation was about 0.5 h and 1.5 h respectively.Conclusion Through careful microsurgical operation we establish the mouse kidney transplantation models using both donor kidneys as grafts,which reduces the costs of microsurgery experiments.

This article expounds the molecular biological characteristics and signaling pathw ay of Tol -like receptor 2 and investigates its advances in research on the roles of neuronal and blood brain barrier damage after cerebral ischemia.

Objective To observe the rat tracheal stem cells in situ.Methods Tracheal rings of Wistar rats treated with 5-FU to make an injure model in vitro then observing the process of regeneration in sequence time from 3*!hours to 48*!hours. Use light microscope to detect the development of tracheal epithelium,assay the level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry and perform Hoechst33342 staining to search the negative staining cells. Results Twelve hours after 5-FU it could be seen that tracheal mucosa exfoliated with nuke-nucleus like cells nailed just above the basement membrane,6*!hours after removing 5-FU we could see that the tracheal rings were covered with squamous epithelium. It could be seen that PCNA immunohistochemistry negative staining cells located bordering on the positive one. Meanwhile under fluorescent contrast microscope negative cells with no Hoechst dye combinations were among most of the positive cells. 12*!hours after removing 5-FU mucous granular cells and cilia cells could be seen. After 48*!hours the whole tracheal rings were covered with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.Conclusion 5-FU is a cell-cycle specific antimetabolite cytotoxicant.It can make the cycling cells degeneration and necrosis but has little effect on the G 0 cells. Few G 0 cells which look like nuke nucleus cells randomly on the basement have the ability to efflux the dye Hoechst33342.The tracheal rings are regenerated through these cells differentiation and proliferation.

The ideal treatment of osteonosus and bone tumor is individualized treatment with individualized implants on the basis of patient's geometrical anatomic condition.Traditional metal implants are lack of individual matching.The new individualized metal implant is based on reverse engineering and rapid prototyping technique,and has solved the problems of long period manufactural procedure in the traditional technique.New type of material is applied for rapid prototyping directly.It would be the developing tendency in orthopedic application.

Neurofeedback as a behavior therapy measurement for ADHD has gained increasing attention in recent years.Based on researches have been published of neurofeedback in ADHD in nearly 5 years,the researches development of neurofeedback are reviewed.The data showed that TBR,SMR and SCP neurofeedback are clinically effective treatment for ADHD.Future controlled clinical trials should focus on such known protocols for specific research,and be designed in line with learning theory.

Neuroimaging technology is the major means in the study of cerebral blood flow. This article reviews all kinds of neuroimaging technologies in identification of perihematomal penumbra in intracerebral hemorrhage,as well as the research status of perihematomal cerebral blood flow in intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective:To review the research hotspots and evolution of electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by knowledge mapping software.Methods:Based on web of science core collection database,we searched the literature with keywords (EEG biofeedback OR neurofeedback) AND (ADHD OR attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) in topic and time limit set before December 31,2015.319 literature were accepted,using the CiteSpace to depict the hot keywords,cited references and countries.Results:United States of America,Germany,Netherlands were top 3 countries in publishing papers of EEG biofeedback in ADHD.Based on burst of cited references,the research evolution of EEG biofeedback in ADHD could be divided into three stages.The hotspots of EEG biofeedback in ADHD were Slow Cortical Potentials protocol and double-blind placebo-controlled study.Conclusion:Future research should focus on the mechanism of EEG biofeedback and such known protocols for individualized treatment,or be designed along the lines of learning theory.

To sacrifice the function of the sphincter of Oddi in the routine management of iatrogenic biliary injury,e.g. by using cholangio-enterostomies, is often complicated by ascending biliary infection, cholangitis and an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. It is necessary to find a material which can protect the bile duct. As reported, biodegradable materials which are hopeful to be used clinically have the advantages of being non-immunogenic, gives temporary supportive function, and produces harmless degradation products. This article aims to review the advances in researches on biodegradable materials for bile duct repair.