This paper describes photobiological hazards and the standards of photobiological safety in the application of medical devices. It analyzes and discusses the current status of the international standardization and the national standardization.
Equipment and Supplies ; standards ; Photobiology ; Safety

A review of the development milestones of medical consortia during the 20th century in China,probed into the practice and strategy of medical consortia delivery modes.Such modes are designed to build an integrated regional medical service resources and functions,create the delivery service chain to cater to primary medical service demands in urban and rural areas,and meet China's present conditions.Author of the paper proposed better supporting policies and measures based on improving the basic strategy of the medical consortium's delivery mode.

Adherence to public welfare and mobilizing incentives are key to promoting the health reform,and making it a success as well.It is imperative to comprehensively and correctly comprehend the importance of mobilizing medical workers in ensuring the reform a success,based on the present practice of the health reform and by views of philosophy,economics,and management.These principles should be followed in the design and perfection of the reform mechanism.

Due to historical reasons, public medical institutions are legion in medical resources-intensive big and medium-sized cities. With the deepening of reform in urban medical and health systems and social undertakings and the transformation of government functions in public health management, the disadvantages of having an excessive number of public medical institutions have become increasingly evident, for it can lead to heavy financial burdens for the government and insufficient medical market competition and vitality. The paper discusses reform in the property right system of public medical institutions in resources-intensive cities from three aspeets, viz. the necessity of reform the major problems to be dealt with, and the basic framework of the reform. It also gives a detailed account of the position and role of the government in this reform.

Crowns ; Dentures ; Humans

The smooth conversion of scientific achievements in Chinese medicine to standards acts as a bridge in the industrialization process of scientific achievements. By combining scientific researches and standards development of Chinese medicine, this paper analyzed how to establish a mechanism for mutual supports of scientific research and standards development. Based on different categories of scientific achievements in Chinese medicine, this paper ex-plored models for converting fundamental achievements for public wealth and technical achievements for products in-to standards.

Objective To summarize the diagnosis and treatment of urological trauma.Methods One hundred and sixty-two patients with trauma of kidney,ureter,bladder or urethra were treated between March 2002 and March 2012.The diagnosis,treatment and outcome were analyzed.Results All patients were discharged with improved condition.Of 62 patients with renal injury,45 were treated with conservative approach,9 were treated with superselective arterial embolization,and 8 were treated with nephrectomy.All the 62 patients had normal renal function during the follow-up period of 3 to 24 months.Of 2 patients with ureteral injury,one was treated with cystoscopic ureteral catheterization,and another one with ureteric reimplantation.Neither of the 2 patients developed hydronephrosis during the one year follow-up period.All 6 patients with vesical injury were treated with open surgery,and they all had normal urinary function during the follow-up period of 6 to 12 months.Of 92 patients with urethral injury,6 were treated with urethral catheterization,18 with urethral realignment,35 with cystoscopic urethral realignment,4 with urethral repairment,and 29 with end-to-end anastomotic urethroplasty; 29 (32％) patients suffered from urethral stricture during the follow-up period of 6 to 24 months,and they underwent further treatment.Conclusions Urological trauma is quite frequent,and early diagnosis and treatment is important.Good outcomes will be achieved in most of patients by suitable treatments,but complications which need further treatments may occur subsequently in part of the patients.

BACKGROUND:The patients with lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion can be treated with internal fixation of posterior surgery way. We can choose the conventional posterior intervertebral fusion nail stick system internal fixation. Isobar non-fusion internal fixation system was used in recent years. As a kind of a strong internal fixation of lumbar posterior dynamic screw rod fixation system, it has been gradual y applied in clinic, and has been one of patient’s treatment options. OBJECTIVE:To compare and analyze the clinical efficacy of Isobar non-fusion internal fixation system and traditional intervertebral fusion nail rod system internal fixation operation method in treatment of lumbar disc herniation. METHODS:From September 2011 to September 2012, 40 patients with lumbar disc herniation who were treated in the Department of Orthopedic, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medial University of Chinese PLA were enrol ed in this study. They were equal y assigned to the Isobar non-fusion internal fixation system group (Isobar group) and the traditional intervertebral fusion nail rod system internal fixation group (rigid internal fixation group) and subjected to corresponding treatments. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Surgery was successful y completed in patients of the two groups. These patients received at least 2 years of fol ow-up, no drop out. Compared with pre-fixation, low back pain Visual Analog Scale and Oswestry Disability Index were improved significantly after fixation in both groups. Compared with the rigid internal fixation group, range of motion of lumbar spine was larger in the Isobar group. Low back pain Visual Analog Scale and Oswestry Disability Index were similar between the two groups. These results indicated that posterior Isolbar non-fusion internal fixation obtained identical outcomes as traditional treatment, and showed more advantages in range of motion of lumbar spine.

[Objective]To investigate the clinical result of the Chinese traditional medicine combed with western medicine treatment for proximal humerus malunited fracture.[Method]Twenty-nine patients including 24 men and 5 women with malunion of proximal humerus were treated with the locking proximal plate.The average age of patients was 41.6 years old(from 21 to 53 years old).According to Neet classification on X ray,20 cases were two-part fractures and 9 cases were three-part fractures.These patients were treated by combination of Chinese traditional and western medicine,with the help of the functional training.All patients with proximal humerus malunited fracture were treated by operations with locking proximal humerus plate.A herbal bath was used to bathe after surgery.[Result]All 29 cases were available for follow-up.The average time for bony union on X ray was 9.6 weeks(from 8 to 12 weeks).Nonunion was not found in all cases.According to the Neer scoring system,there were 23 excellent cases,4 good case and 2 fair case.The excellent and good rate was 93.1%.[Conclusion]In dealing with proximal humerus malunited fracture,the advantages of the locking proximal humerus plate are minimally invasive with reliable fixation,few complication and the high bone union rate.A herbal bath can fasten recovering the function of the shoulder.Chinese traditional medicine combined with western medicine treatment can make satisfactory result and it is an effective method to recover the function of the shoulder.

From the course setting and method of using case-study teaching in the medical microbiology,the article discussed its advantages and disadvantages,finding that carrying out such method can improve students' learning interest,their thinking and discriminating abilities and the humanism,thus giving some new opinions about the reform of the course system in the future.