Objective To observe the effect of intrathecal p38 MAPK inhibitor(SB203580) treatment on neuropathic pain and the expression of p38 MAPK and BDNF in dorsal horn of spinal cord in rats with chronic constriction injury(CCI),So as to investigate the possible mechanisms of neuropathic pain.Methods Totally 30 SD rats were evenly randomized into 3 groups(n=10) :sham group receiving intrathecal injection of sodium chloride,control group receiving intrathecal injection of sodium chloride and CCI surgery,and SB203580 group receiving intrathecal injection of SB203580 and CCI surgery.SB203580(0.1 ml/kg) was administered 0.5 h before and 1-14 d after CCI surgery.The mechanical thresholds were tested 24 h before and 4-14 d after CCI surgery.p38 MAPK expression and BDNF release in the dorsal horn were determined using immunohistochemistry method 14 d after CCI surgery.Results The mechanical thresholds in the control and SB203580 groups were significantly lower after CCI surgery compared with that before CCI surgery(P0.05).Compared with the sham operation group,the mechanical thresholds were significantly lower in the other two groups after CCI surgery(P

Objective To investigate the effects of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) on the changes of intestinal pathology and the levels of serum immunoglobulin in rats with ulcerative colitis.Methods Thirty-six healthy male rats, weighing 200-220 g, were randomly divided into three groups using the random number table method: spinal nerve ligation model group (group SNL), sham-operationgroup (group Sham) and non-operatedcontrol group (group Con), 12 in each group.After the establishment of SNL models, the three groups were given trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce ulcerative colitis.The serum level of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM) were measured on the day before SNL, before TNBS modeling and 7, 14 d after TNBS modeling, respectively.Besides, the intestinal pathology were observed on 7 d after TNBS modeling.Results The basic values of IgM and IgG before operation were not statistically different among three groups.The level of IgG in group SNL was lower than that in group Sham after SNL operation with no significant difference, but the level of IgM was significantly lower than that of group Sham (P<0.05).On 7 d after TNBS modeling, both levels of IgG and IgM in group SNL were significantly lower than those in group Sham and group Con (P<0.01).On 14 d after TNBS modeling, the level of IgG in group SNL was significantly lower than that in group Sham and group Con (P<0.05).Furthermore, the colon lesions were more extensive and the inflammation was more serious in group SNL than those in group Sham and group Con on 7 d after TNBS modeling.Conclusion Neuropathic pain suppress immune activities, reduces the serum level of IgM and IgG and aggravates intestinal inflammation caused by TNBS.

Objective To study the chemical constituents from the root of Rumex gmelini.MethodsThe compounds were isolated and purified by chromatography,polyamide column chromatography,and preparation HPLC etc.Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical and spectroscopic evidences.Results Ten compounds were identified as:nepodin (Ⅰ),emodin (Ⅱ),citreorosein (Ⅲ),chrysophanol 8-O-?-(6'-acetyl) glucopyranoside (Ⅳ),chrysophanol 8-O-?-D-glucopyranoside (Ⅴ),resveratrol (Ⅵ),9,9'-dianthranone-2,2'-dimethyl-5,5'-bis (?-D-glucopyranose)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-4,4'-dihydroxy-10,10'-dioxo (trivial name:rumoside A) (Ⅶ),emodin-8-O-?-D-glucopyranoside (Ⅷ),resveratrol-3-O-?-D-glucoside (Ⅸ),and rutin (Ⅹ).Conclusion Compound Ⅶ is a new compound,named rumoside A.Compounds Ⅴ,Ⅷ,and Ⅹ are separated from R.gmelini for the first time.Compounds Ⅲ and Ⅳ are the compounds which have been found in the plants of Rumex L.for the first time.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between heart rate, blood pressure and autonomic nerve function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP).Methods:One hundred patients with OSAHS who underwent UPPP in Wuhan Central Hospital Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from July 2018 to July 2019 were selected. According to the disease grade of apnea hypopnea index (AHI), 38 cases were divided into mild group (AHI 5 to 15 times/h) and 62 cases were divided into severe group (AHI>16 times/h). The preoperative and postoperative polysomnography and 24 h dynamic electrocardiogram records was used to monitor the patient′s data, and the quality of sleep was compared before and after treatment in patients with sleep apnea, including: apnea and AHI, the longest apnea time (LAT), the lowest oxygen saturation (L SaO 2) and ratio of time with blood oxygen saturation lower than 90% to total sleep time (TSPO 2 90%); patient′s heart rate, including: maximum heart rate, minimum heart rate and average heart rate; heart rate variability (HRV) and related indexes of patients, including: all sinus RR interval (SDNN), RR interval mean standard deviation (SDANN), root mean square (RMSSD) of adjacent RR interval difference, the percentage of adjacent NN>50 ms in total sinus interval difference (PNN50%) and HRV triangle index; autonomic nerve function of patients, including: high frequency band (HF, 0.05 to 0.15 Hz), low frequency band (LF, 0.01 to 0.05 Hz) and LF/HF; patients′blood pressure, including: systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Results:Compared with those before treatment, AHI, LAT, TSPO 2 90%, SDNN, SDANN, RMSSD, PNN50% and HRV trigonometric index were decreased in mild group and severe group after treatment, L SaO 2 was increased, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). Compared with those of mild group, AHI, LAT, TSPO 2 90%, SDNN, SDANN, RMSSD, PNN50% and HRV trigonometric index were increased in severe group before treatment, LSaO 2 was decreased, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). In the mild group before treatment, mild group after treatment, severe group before treatment and severe group after treatment, the highest heart rates were (127.22 ± 21.87), (72.26 ± 6.15), (143.71 ± 22.09) and (75.03 ± 8.21) beats/min, the lowest heart rates were (50.18 ± 5.21), (61.27 ± 7.10), (42.18 ± 5.13) and (59.67 ± 6.77) beats/min, and the average heart rates were (71.95 ± 8.36), (62.37 ± 6.28), (85.72 ± 11.04) and (64.30 ± 5.89) times/min. After treatment, the maximum heart rate and average heart rate of mild group and severe group were lower than those before treatment, the lowest heart rate was higher than that before treatment, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). In the mild group before treatment, mild group after treatment, severe group before treatment and severe group after treatment, the LF were (1107.61 ± 151.69), (768.42 ± 135.18), (1 307.57 ± 182.30), (770.41 ± 160.25) ms 2, HF were (781.81 ± 91.46), (457.24 ± 72.13), (835.03 ± 152.75), (450.44 ± 94.10) ms 2, LF/HF were 1.76 ± 0.25, 1.35 ± 0.14, 1.98 ± 0.32, 1.38 ± 0.11. After treatment, LF, HF and LF/HF in mild group and severe group were lower than those before treatment ( P<0.05); before treatment, LF, HF and LF/HF rate in severe group were higher than those in mild group ( P<0.05). In the mild group before and after treatment, mild group before and after treatment, the systolic blood pressure were (125.01 ± 15.23), (103.22 ± 17.93), (146.13 ± 21.60), (111.25 ± 23.63) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa), and the diastolic blood pressure were (82.27 ± 11.49), (66.13 ± 10.27), (93.52 ± 16.06), (69.10 ± 14.39) mmHg. After treatment, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mild group and severe group were lower than those before treatment, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05); systolic and diastolic blood pressure in severe group were higher than that in mild group before treatment, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). LF/HF was positively correlated with AHI, mean heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( P<0.05), and negatively with HRV triangle index ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Symptoms of OSAHS patients recover gradually after UPPP, and the recovery of autonomic nerve function is correlated with AHI, heart rate and blood pressure.

A method was established for identifying the chemical components of a traditional Chinese medicinal formula Baihe Zhimu Tang and its single herbs by combining high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(HPLC-ESI-MS). The molecular ions of compounds in both negative and positive modes were observed for molecule mass information, and the potential structures were identified by attentive studying on the mass spectra of compounds and comparing with Reference data and some of standards. The results show that in MS detection, saponins in Baihe Zhimu Tang and its single herbs are easily to become positive ions in the electrospray ionization procedure, and they have strong responses, but the mass spectrometric signals of flavonoids and phenolic glucosides are week. 38 compounds in Baihe Zhimu Tang including 3 flavonoids, 4 phenolic glucosides and 31 saponins were identified through analyzing and comparing the total ion chromatograms(TIC) and mass spectra of Baihe Zhimu Tang and its single herbs. This method has the advantages of simple operation, rapid measurement and it is a powerful tool for identification of chemical components in Baihe Zhimu Tang.

Objective To describe a new technique with mini-open reconstruction of lateral ligaments of ankle with partial tendon of its peroneus brevis and evaluate its effect in treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability. Methods A total of 11 cases of chronic lateral ankle instability;at mean age of 27.6 years(16-42 years),were treated with mini-open reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle with partial tendon of its peroneus brevis.The mean delay between the initial episode of ankle sprain and the surgery was 10.3 months(4-32 months).Postoperatively,all cases were examined with MRI,stress X-rays and comparative stability of bilateral ankle inspection at clinical follow-up.The function of the ankle were evaluated bv American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS)score and ankle-hind foot scale. Results The average duration of follow-up was 17.5 months(12-37 months).The mean AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was 88.3 points(72-96 points)at the time of the latest follow-up,including excellent result in 6 cases(55%),good in 4(36%)and fair in 1(9%).MRI results showed that the ruptured lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle were repaired and remodeled very well in all patients.There was no recurrence of the ankle instability or other complications. Conclusion Mini-open reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of ankle with partial tendon of its peroneus brevis is safe and effective for treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability.

Objective To investigate whether rat grimace scale (RGS)could be used to assess pain in chronic pancreatitis,so as to provide evidence for pain research and clinical assessment of rat pain.Methods Twenty-eight adult male wister rats were evenly randomized into two groups (n =14):an experimental group and a control group.The experimental group was intravenously given 8 mg/kg body weight dibutyltin dichloride (DBTC)to induce chronic pancreatitis,and the control group was injected with ethanol and glycerin solution.Abdominal hypersensitivity,RGS scores and weight at different time points was detected.HE staining was used to detect the histological changes of pancre-atic tissue.Results Compared with the control group,the rats in the experimental group showed chro-nic inflammation in pancreatic tissue in two weeks.There was a significant increase in the number of abdominal withdrawals (P < 0.001 )and RGS in the experimental group.Conclusion Rat grimace scale might lead to a successful transition of basic science findings into clinical application.

Objective: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) with three frequencies (100 Hz, 2 Hz, and 2 Hz/100 Hz) on the apoptosis of neurons and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in the hippocampus of rats with vascular dementia (VD), and explore the mechanism of EA intervention for VD. Methods: Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a model group, a sham operation group, a 100 Hz EA group, a 2 Hz EA group, and a 2 Hz/100 Hz EA group, with ten rats in each group. The VD model rats were established by repeated ischemia-reperfusion of bilateral common carotid arteries. The rats in the EA groups received EA intervention at Baihui (GV20), Dazhui (GV14), Geshu (BL17) and Zusanli (ST36), once a day for 14 d. Afterward, Morris water maze was used to examine the learning and memory performances of the rats in each group, hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe the histomorphological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling to test the apoptosis of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region, and Western blot to detect the protein expression levels of JNK, phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK), Caspase-8, and Caspase-3 in the hippocampus tissue. Results: Compared with the sham operation group, the escape latency of the model group in water maze test was prolonged; the number of crossing the original platform was decreased (P<0.01); the hippocampal neurons were severely damaged and the number of surviving neurons was decreased (P<0.01), whereas the number of apoptotic neurons was increased (P<0.01); the protein expression levels of JNK, p-JNK, Caspase-8, and Caspase-3 in the hippocampus were significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the escape latency of each EA group was significantly shortened; the number of crossing the original platform was significantly increased (P<0.01); the damage of hippocampal neurons was alleviated, the number of surviving neurons was increased (P<0.01), and the number of apoptotic neurons was decreased (P<0.01); the protein expression levels of JNK, p-JNK, Caspase-8, and Caspase-3 in the hippocampus were decreased (P<0.01). The results in the 2 Hz EA group and the 2 Hz/100 Hz EA group were superior to those in the 100 Hz EA group. Conclusion: EA with the three frequencies (100 Hz, 2 Hz, and 2 Hz/100 Hz) can improve the learning and memory performances in VD rats subjected to ischemia-reperfusion, its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and the regulation of the related protein expression of JNK signaling pathway, and the intervention effects of EA with 2 Hz and 2 Hz/100 Hz are more significant.

The information era has witnessed an unprecedented high speed of knowledge dissemi-nation. Mobile learning based on smartphone is ubiquitous and commonly used. It has potential to revolu-tionize anesthesia education and medical practice. This article focuses on the domestic smartphone applica-tions (APP) related to anesthesiology and has a detailed review including academic forums, anesthesia knowledge, common medical knowledge, anatomy, literature management, medical English and medicine application. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of APP and mobile learning in continuing medi-cal education are well discussed. We try to provide a reference for those who need to choose and use APP for their anesthesia continuing education.

After more than 30 years of exploration and development, undergraduate anesthesiology teaching in China has formed a relatively large teaching scale in the whole country. However, the teaching mode and cultivation mechanism are not yet fully mature, which still has room for improving relevant curriculum structures. This study has investigated the current situation of undergraduate anesthesiology teaching in 38 medical colleges, summarized characteristics of teaching programs and curriculum design, and proposed relevant improvement suggestions.