This paper mainly introduces the origin and development of the slit-lamp microscope, the basic structure, working principle and test methods, focuses on diffuse illumination, direct focal illumination, indirect illumination, retro illumination, zone of specular reflection and slit-lamp filter used in the optical inspection, to provide the reference for clinical general optometry practitioners and using slit-lamp microscope widely and standardized.
Lighting ; instrumentation ; Ophthalmology ; instrumentation

Saireito, a 12-component Japanese herbal medicine, is used to treat immune-related diseases. We investigated the effects of oral administration of Saireito extract in a murine model of cardiac transplantation with fully mismatched allografts. Untreated recipients and those given water rejected their cardiac allografts acutely (median survival time [MST], 7 and 8 days, respectively), as did those treated with either 0.02 or 0.002 g/kg/day of Saireito extract (MST, 7 days in both groups). Recipients given 0.2 g/kg/day of Saireito extract had only moderate prolongation of allograft survival (MST, 41 days). However, all transplant recipients given 2 g/kg/day of Saireito extract had significant prolongation of allograft survival (MST>100 days). None of the single crude drug extracts of Saireito prolonged allograft survival, suggesting that its effects require administration of the combination agent. In mixed leukocyte cultures, proliferation of splenocytes from Saireito-treated CBA recipients was markedly suppressed compared with that of splenocytes from untreated mice, and interferon-γ production was significantly reduced. In flow cytometry experiment, the population of CD 4⁺CD 25⁺FOXP 3⁺cells was increased in the spleens of Saireito-treated CBA recipients compared with the spleens of naïve CBA mice or untreated CBA recipients. Thus, in our model, Saireito treatment induced hyporesponsiveness to cardiac allografts in a dose-dependent manner, and the combination of the components is essential for this effect.

China ; Electrocardiography ; trends

Objective To discuss the minimally invasive skills in the treatment of choledocholithiasis.Methods A retrospective analysis was made to sum up the minimally invasive methods in the treatment of choledocholithiasis,reinforcing sufficient cognition to the treatment of the disease.Results The minimally invasive methods in the treatment of choledocholithiasis included endoscopic sphincterotomy,endoscopic papillaryballoon dilation,fibercholedochoscopy,laparoscopic common bile dnctexploration and laparoscopy combined with endoscopy in treating choledocholithiasis.Conclusion The conception of the treatment of choledocholithiasis was renewed by djfferent minimally invasive skills.With the development of the medical apparatus and instruments,the minimally invasive skills will play an important role in the treatment of choledocholithiasis.

Execution is one of the key factors which influence the management level of hospital libraries. The paper introduces the concept, performance and synthesis patterns of execution, and points out that execution is the main means to enhance performance of li-brary, then puts forward concrete strategies to enhance execution of library from two levels: individuals and libraries.

Objective To study the relation of the variations of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) level and brain damage in asphyxia neonatorum.Methods The serum NSE level were detected in 75 asphyxia neonatorum(asphyxia group) and 20 normal neonatorum(control group) by the method of ELISA after parturition 1,3 and 7 d.The relation of serum NSE level and brain damage was analyzed.Results After parturition 1,3 and 7 d,the serum NSE level in mild asphyxia group and severe asphyxia group was higher than that in control group [(29.85 ±8.53),(59.26 ± 15.75) μg/L vs.(15.59 ±6.25) μg/L; (23.69 ± 6.54),(47.28 ±12.46) μg/L vs.(15.38 ±5.84) μg/L; (18.95 ±5.37),(62.57 ±19.62) μg/L vs.(13.92 ±5.37) μg/L],and the serum NSE level in sever asphyxia group was higher than that in mild asphyxia group,there had significantly difference (P＜ 0.05).After parturition 1,3 and 7 d,the serum NSE level in brain damage neonatorum (25 cases) was increased and in CT normal neonatorum (50 cases) was decreased,the serum NSE level in brain damage neonatorum was higher than that in CT normal neonatorum [(37.48 ± 12.09) μg/L vs.(30.95 ± 11.86) μg/L,(51.84 ± 14.21) μg/L vs.(21.73 ±6.15) μg/L,(68.25 ± 18.69) μ g/L vs.(15.62 ± 5.94) μ g/L],there had significantly difference (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The variations of serum NSE level can be the important indicator to monitor brain damage in asphyxia neonatorum.

Objective To investigate the state of self-perceived burden (SPB) and depression and to explore the relationship between them for patients with chronic respiratory diseases.Methods 95 patients with chronic respiratory diseases were investigated by the Self-Perceived Burden Scale (SPBS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS).Results The average score of SPBS was (33.64±10.23) points,which was at the middle level,90.5％ of patients showed different levels of burden,and 34.7％ of patients were at the high level.The average score of SDS was (50.23±11.93),the index was 0.63,which was at the middle to high level,74.7％ of patients showed different levels of depression,and 33.7％ of patients were at the high level.There was a positive conrelation between SPB and depression.Conclusions Patients with chronic respiratory diseases had obvious SPB and depression,and there was a close relationship between them.With chronic respiratory diseases breaking out repeatedly and more severe year by year,most patients have high level of burden and negative emotions.Nurses should take proper measures and psychological interventions to help patients face to the diseases optimistically,and to improve patients' emotion state and enhance their physical and mental health.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a serious disease and has a high mortality rate.Protective ventilation strategy and conservative fluid management is the mainstay of treatment and there is no effective pharmacological treatment yet.Recent studies found that beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome could inhibit the inflammatory response,protect the functions of alveolar capillary barrier,improve pulmonary edema fluid removal,promote the secretion of surfactant and enhance the impaired lung repair,and so on.This review aimed for the pathogenesis,mechanism of action and treatment mechanism of the recent studies.

Prevalence rates of paediatric allergic diseases have been gradually increasing worldwide,which cannot be ignored.The theory of atopic march of paediatric allergic diseases has been verified as early in 1985.The atopic march refers to that allergic symptoms in infancy or early childhood often predate development of other allergic diseases later in life.A number of longitudinal epidemiological studies support this theory,mainly from Europe and North America.However,there are some challenges to this theory.Allergic disease in children is influenced by various factors such as early wheezing,gender and a parental history of allergic diseases.This article reviews the latest progress on the atopic march of paediatric allergic diseases,which may provide clues to the early recognition and management of children at high risk of these diseases.

Aim To develop the animal model of guinea pig chronic heart failure and detect effects of chronic heart failure on contractile/diastolic function and calcium transient in guinea pig ventricular myocytes by video-based motion edge-detection system simultaneously.Methods The chronic congestive heart failure(CHF) model was produced in guinea pig by a procedure that descenting aorta was constricted.The contrasting indexes in 8 weeks include: with or without dyspnea,hemodynamics,the mass ratio of left ventricle to body,the mass ratio of lung to body,and the width of left ventricle.Left ventricular myocytes were enzymatically isolated.Then the contractile and calcium transient of a single cell from both normal and failure hearts were assessed in guinea pigs by a video-based motion edge-detection system simultaneously.Results The models with dyspnea showed striking increasing in left ventricular systolic pressure and left ventricular end diastolic pressure,as well as the mass ratio of left ventricle to body,the mass ratio of lung to body and the width of left ventricular hypertrophy.The left ventricular pressure maximal rising and declining velocity significantly decreased.Compared with normal cells,the value of shorting,the contractile and diastolic velocity of myocytes decreased significantly.The diastolic calcium increased,the extent of calcium transient[FL(2K2] decreased and the time to 50% diastolic calcium lengthen.But systolic calcium,the time to peak calcium were unchanged.Conclusions The dyspnea is a important parameter for evaluating the animal CHF model of guinea pig formed by constricting the descending aortas of guinea pigs after 8 weeks.The chronic heart failure may decrease contractile and calcium transient extent in ventricular myocytes detected by video-based motion edge-detection system simultaneously,which might be helpful for the further studying the mechanism of the development of CHF.