The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of color measuring instrument by measuring the color of dental composite resins. Nine shade light cured composite resin disks were prepared (diameter : 15 mm, thickness : 4 mm). CIE L*a*b* color scale of each disk was measured with 3 different types of spectrophotometer [MiniScan XE plus (Model 4000S, Hunter Lab, USA), CM-3500d (Minolta, Japan) and Specbos 2100 Miniature VIS Reflection spectrometer (Serial No: 319416, JETI Technishe VIS Instrumentic GmbH, Germany)]. Miniscan XE Plus and CM-3500d using identical measuring geometry with different size of viewing aperture. But Specbos 2100 using different measuring geometry. Within the limitation of this study, there were color difference (DeltaE*) from 2.4 to 7.8 between Miniscan XE Plus and CM-3500d, but L*, a*, b* values showed the high correlation. However, there were great color difference (DeltaE*) in the extent of about 20 between instruments with the different measuring geometry. Therefore, color scale measured by color measuring instrument should be used as a relative value rather than an absolute value in the field of dentistry.
Dentistry ; Light ; Pyridines ; Thiazoles

The side effects of cerivastatin on the skeletal muscle include muscle pain, muscle weakness accompanying with the increased creatinin - kinase rarely malignant hypermyoglobin uric leading the secondary renal failure. The Bayer pharmaceutical Company withdrawed all dosage form of cerivastatin in England and America in the 8th and 9th August 2001.
Pyridines ; Withholding Treatment

Humans ; Pyridines ; Spectrophotometry ; methods ; Thiocyanates ; urine

Glucometers offer a simple and rapid method of self-monitoring blood glucose levels and are widely used by diabetic clinics and patients. The accuracy of a glucometer depends on the meter's performance as well as the user's proficiency level. It is also important to regularly use and calibrate the meter it in order to maintain consistent readings. Since glucometers are considered clinically accurate if the result is within +/- 15 mg/dL of the results of the manufacturer's measurement procedure at glucose concentrations < 75 mg/dL, and within +/- 20% at glucose concentrations > or = 75 mg/dL. It is crucial to compare the meter's result with a lab test result at least once a year in order to maintain the reliability of the meter. Diabetes educators should have thorough knowledge of each meter and be aware of its accuracy so that he or she can properly and accurately educate diabetic patients.
Blood Glucose ; Glucose ; Humans ; Pyridines ; Reading ; Thiazoles

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Humans ; Neonicotinoids ; Pyridines ; blood

PURPOSE: The hypnotic effect of zolpidem is comparable to benzodiazepines, but has less abuse and addiction potential than benzodiazepines, so is one of the most commonly prescribed hypnotics. The frequency of acute zolpidem overdose has increased, but clinical analysis and severity predictors are not known in Korea. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of histories, clinical courses, and laboratory findings of each patient treated from June, 2000, to May, 2006, in a university hospital for acute zolpidem intoxication. RESULTS: We evaluated 30 patients, including 16 co-intoxication cases. Twenty-five patients presented mental alterations but became alert within 2 days. All patients recovered completely. The median zolpidem concentration was 0.9 mg/L (range: 0.2~7.4 mg/L). There was a weak correlation between the amount ingested and zolpidem concentration (r=0.25). None of them presented severe laboratory abnormalities, and these abnormalities did not relate to zolpidem concentration. CONCLUSION: The clinical progress of acute zolpidem intoxication is mild. We could not predict zolpidem concentration or clinical severity from the amount ingested and could not predict the clinical course from laboratory findings in the emergency department.
Benzodiazepines ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Polymethacrylic Acids ; Pyridines ; Retrospective Studies

We attempted to determine whether energy density would influence calorie intake via cognitive cues, as reflected by satiety. This experiment was designed using two different energy density levels of Kimbab: normal Kimbab (1.6 kcal/g) vs low-density Kimbab (1.0 kcal/g). 26 female college students participated in this study. The subjects ate Kimbab in the lab once a week for 2 weeks. Each week at noon, they were served 24 units of either normal or low-density Kimbab, and we determined the units, grams, and calories of the real & cognitive intake of Kimbab, and also analyzed the satiety rate after eating Kimbab. Our results demonstrated that the real calorie intake from the low-density Kimbab was significantly lower than that of the normal Kimbab (290.3 kcal vs 474.4 kcal, p<0.001), but we noted no significant differences in the units and grams of real and cognitive intake between the normal and low-density Kimbab. However, despite consuming 39% lower caloric intake, the subjects reported similar levels of satiety rates with the two different density levels of Kimbab, as they did not perceive themselves to have eaten more normal Kimbab than low-density Kimbab. Thus, this study provides evidence that the energy density of food is a crucial determinant of caloric intake, and supports the notion that the consumption of low energy-dense foods may result in a reduction of caloric intake without altering satiety.
Cues ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Pyridines ; Thiazoles

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the leakage of liquid past the cuffs of tracheal tubes in fresh frozen human heads. METHODS: Six truncated fresh frozen heads were used and intubated with 8.0 mm endotracheal tubes. The intracuff pressures tested were 30 and 100 cmH2O. Subsequently, 20 ml of each of two oral antiseptic rinses (0.2% chlorhexidine and octenidine [octenidol(R), Schulke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany]) was applied for thirty seconds in the mouth. During the trial, leakage of the cuffs was examined. RESULTS: The sealing between the tracheal cuff and tracheal wall was leakage-proof for all tested intracuff pressures and all tested antiseptic rinses. However, approximately 5.6 ml and 1.8 ml leaked into the esophagus and remained as a cuff-puddle, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The sealing between an endotracheal tube cuff with an intracuff pressure of 30 cmH2O and the tracheal wall is leakage-proof during oral care with antiseptic rinsing. An increase of intracuff pressure to 100 cmH2O does not appear to be required.
Cadaver* ; Chlorhexidine ; Esophagus ; Head ; Humans ; Mouth ; Oral Hygiene ; Pyridines

As a technically demanding skill, microsurgery is taught in the lab, in the form of a course of variable length (depending on the centre). Microsurgical training courses usually use a mixture of non-living and live animal simulation models. In the literature, a plethora of microsurgical training models have been described, ranging from low to high fidelity models. Given the high costs associated with live animal models, cheaper alternatives are coming into vogue. In this paper we describe the use of the chicken aorta as a simple and cost effective low fidelity microsurgical simulation model for training.
Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; Aorta ; Chickens ; Microsurgery ; Models, Animal ; Pyridines ; Thiazoles

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to measure the power density of light curing units transmitted through resin inlays fabricated with direct composite (Filtek Z350, Filtek Supreme XT) and indirect composite (Sinfony). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A3 shade of Z350, A3B and A3E shades of Supreme XT, and A3, E3, and T1 shades of Sinfony were used to fabricate the resin inlays in 1.5 mm thickness. The power density of a halogen light curing unit (Optilux 360) and an LED light curing unit (Elipar S10) through the fabricated resin inlays was measured with a hand held dental radiometer (Cure Rite). To investigate the effect of each composite layer consisting the resin inlays on light transmission, resin specimens of each shade were fabricated in 0.5 mm thickness and power density was measured through the resin specimens. RESULTS: The power density through the resin inlays was lowest with the Z350 A3, followed by Supreme XT A3B and A3E. The power density was highest with Sinfony A3, E3, and T1 (p < 0.05). The power density through 0.5 mm thick resin specimens was lowest with dentin shades, Sinfony A3, Z350 A3, Supreme XT A3B, followed by enamel shades, Supreme XT A3E and Sinfony E3. The power density was highest with translucent shade, Sinfony T1 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Using indirect lab composites with dentin, enamel, and translucent shades rather than direct composites with one or two shades could be advantageous in transmitting curing lights through resin inlays.
Composite Resins ; Dental Enamel ; Dentin ; Hand ; Inlays ; Light ; Pyridines ; Thiazoles