Background: According to assessment of Ministry of Health, developing constitution of pupuls under 14 years old grade A: 23%, grade B: 52%, grade C: 25%. Objectives: Analysis on environmental conditions, school and health status of pupils, comment, propose to enhance study conditions as well as constitution for pupils. Subjects and method: Pupils at primary schools, secondary shools, high schools in Quang Dien, Huong Thuy, A Luoi district. Method: cross-sectional descriptive study by light meter, measure microclimate, noise and steel measure to measure size of desks and chairs. Analyse, synthetize data by Exel. Results: School environment had remained disadvantageous factors that affects on pupils\ufffd?health status. There were a shortage of hygienic contructions, wrong size chairs and benches, poorly equipped school health office. Among 20,800 pupils, good health (grade A) was 48,42% in elementary schools, 52,07% in middle schools and 54,1% in high schools. The rate of eye diseases has increased in higher classes. Conclusion: Build and transform school have met the regulation of Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Training. School must have clean water works, clean toilet and have handwash tub. Organize periodic health test for pupils, always control school hygiene to timely contribute opinions help school to overcome shortcomings, limit disadvantageous conditions for pupils to prevent school health cause by insanitation environments and conditions.
Health Status ; Pupil/ physiology ;

The study was conducted in 2518 females of age from 9 to 75. The finding showed: during the pubertal stage, the heights and weights increased quickly. The heights of Hue students started increasing rapidly at the age of 10-12, especially at 11-12 years old: their heights increased 5.95 cm per year (P<0.001); The weights gradually increased at the ages of 9 to 11, quickly increased at the age of 12: their weights increased 3,79 kg per year (P<0.001). The first menstruation was at age of 13.581.10 during the 90s decade. The first menstruation began at the younger ages during the 90s decade when comparing with that of previous decades
Puberty ; Physiology ; pupil

We quantitatively analyzed the changes of the (retinal) threshold sensitivities between normal status and dilated emmetropic status, and between dilated emmetropic status and -1.0D induced myopic status. Three consecutive visual field examinations by Humphrey Field Analyzer C-30-2 threshold test and STATPAC program were performed in 36 eyes of 21 normal subjects who ranged in age from 23 to 40 years. The results were as follows: 1) There was a statistically significant decrease (0.87 +/- 0.91dB)in the mean threshold sensitivity within the central 30 degrees at the dilated emmetropic status (27.90dB) as compared with the normal status (28.77dB)(p = 0.0001). 2) There was a statistically significant decrease(0.99 +/- 0.61dB) at -1.0D induced myopic status(26.91dB) as compared with the dilated emmetropic status(27.90dB)(p = 0.0001). 3) After dilation, the mean threshold sensitivity between 20 and 30 degrees of field showed statistically significant decrease as compared with those within the central 20 degrees of visual field(p < 0.05). In case of -1.0D induced myopia, there were uniform decreases in the mean threshold sensitivities within the central 30 degrees of visual field (p > 0.05). Therefore, we emphasize the importance of consistent pupillary size and correct refractive state in performing the serial automated visual field tests.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Myopia/etiology/*physiopathology ; Pupil/drug effects ; Pupil Disorders/chemically induced/*physiopathology ; Retina/physiology ; Sensory Thresholds/*physiology ; Tropicamide/pharmacology ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields/*physiology

PURPOSE: To compare and evaluate the total and internal aberrations measured by two aberrometers: the laser ray tracing aberrometer (iTrace, Tracey Technology) and the automatic retinoscope aberrometer (OPD Scan, Nidek). METHODS: A total of 54 healthy eyes were enrolled in the study. Following pupil dilation, aberrations were measured with the iTrace and OPD Scan. We compared the aberrations obtained from measurements obtained at pupillary diameters of 4 mm and 6 mm with the OPD Scan and iTrace. Aberrations of internal optics and total aberrations were compared for the two aberrometers. For each aberrometer and each eye, the averaged Zernike data were used to calculate various root-mean-square (RMS) data. These parameters, together with the refractive parameters, were then analyzed and complimented by paired t-tests. RESULTS: At a pupil diameter of 4 mm, the number of total aberrations in the entire eye showed significant differences for the mean values of spherical aberrations (Z4,0) obtained with the OPD Scan and iTrace aberrometers (p=0.001). Aberrations of the internal optics showed significant differences in the mean values of total RMS, coma (Z3,-1), and trefoil (Z3,3) between the iTrace and OPD Scan (p<0.001, p=0.01, p<0.001) for the same pupil diameter of 4 mm. At a pupil diameter of 6 mm, the two instruments showed a similar number of total aberrations. Aberrations of the internal optics showed significant differences in the mean values of total RMS, spherical aberration (Z4,0), and coma (Z3,-1) between the two devices (p<0.001, p=0.01, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The iTrace and OPD Scan showed the largest number of differences for aberrations of internal optics rather than total aberrations for both pupil diameters. These results suggest that in healthy eyes, the two aberrometers may vary in some details. The aberrometers showed more agreement at a pupil diameter of 6 mm compared to 4 mm.
Adult ; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/*instrumentation ; Humans ; Pupil/physiology ; Refractive Errors/*diagnosis ; Reproducibility of Results

Objective evaluation of driver drowsiness is necessary toward suppression of fatigued driving and prevention of traffic accident. We have developed a new method in which we utilized pupillary diameter variability (PDV) under spontaneous pupillary fluctuation conditions. The method consists of three main steps. Firstly, we use a 90s long infrared video of pupillogram infrared-sensitive CCD camera. Secondly, we employed edge detection algorithm based on curvature characteristics of pupil boundary to extract a set of points of visible pupil boundary, and then we adopted these points to fit a circle to obtain the diameter of the pupil in current frame of video. Finally, the values of PDV in 90s long video is calculated. In an experimental pilot study, the values of PDV of two groups were measured. One group rated themselves as alert (12 men), the other group as sleepy (13 men). The results showed that significant differences could be found between the two groups, and the values were 0.06 +/- 0.005 and 0.141 +/- 0.042, respectively. Taking into account of the knowledge that spontaneous pupillary fluctuation is innervated by autonomic nervous system which activity is known to change in parallel with drowsiness and cannot be influenced by subjective motive of people. From the results of the experiments, we concluded that PDV could be used to evaluate driver fatigue objectively.
Algorithms ; Automobile Driving ; Fatigue ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Iris ; anatomy & histology ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; methods ; Pupil ; physiology

It was measured to check the state of health education by the survey of the items related to the health with first grade of students in middle school who mastered elementary courses. Totally 50 questions, which were selected from Standard and Dong-A reference books, were given to teachers and have got answered by the students who were totally 959(491 from urban areas and 468 from rural areas). It's done just after they entered middle school for a month, from April 10 to may 10, 1984. There were totally 782 items of health in all subjects of all grades. In contents, the most cases were about mental and emotional health(17.7%), exercise and rest(15.1%), environmental health, health life, personal health care, nutrition and foods, social health and organization, physiology and anatomy, statistics of public health population problem, disease and care, food sanitation, school health, parasitic and communicable disease control, eugenics and heredity(0.4%), etc were followed. In subjects, Korean language had 44.7% of mental emotional health in 114 cases, arithmetics 46.4% of statistics of public health in 26, sociology, 23.1% of environmental health in 118, natural science, 60.1% of physiology and anatomy in 30, ethics, 40.3% of mental and emotional health in 176, music, 21.8% of mental and emotional health and accidents in 23, art, 42.9% of exercise and rest in 28, physical education, 38.6% of exercise and rest in 201, practical course, 36.2% of nutrition and foods in 61, and there was nothing but only one case in Korean history. Subjects in total cases of health informing items are below: Physical education 25.8%, ethics 22.5%, sociology 15.1%, Korean language 14.6%, practical course 7.8%, natural science 3.8%, art 3.6%, arithmetics 3.3%, music 2.9%, Korean history 0.6%. Grades in total cases of health informing items are belows: the sixth grade 29.1%, the fourth grade 21.2%, the fifth grade 18.9%, the third grade 11.6%, the first grade 11.5%, the second grade 7.7%. The sections related to health matters were average 35.4%. According to the grades, the fourth and the sixth grade were 38.2% each other, the highest, and the second grade was 29.3%, the lowest. All sections in physical education included them. The acceptability to the knowledge for health was belows: 56.3% in urban students and 53.9% in rural students. There was some difference in acceptability between two parties (p<0.005).
Communicable Disease Control ; Delivery of Health Care ; Environmental Health ; Ethics ; Eugenics ; Health Education* ; Humans ; Music ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Physical Education and Training ; Physiology ; Public Health ; Pupil* ; Reference Books ; Sanitation ; School Health Services ; Sociology

PURPOSE: To screen for diabetic autonomic neuropathy of the pupil using 0.5% apraclonidine and 0.1% pilocarpine and to evaluate the early diagnostic value of this pharmacologic pupillary test by assessing the relationship between pupillary and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathies. METHODS: A total of 22 diabetic patients were recruited. Baseline pupillary diameter (PD) and the difference in PD between the test eye and the control eye before and after instillation of apraclonidine and pilocarpine were measured. All patients also underwent cardiovascular autonomic function (CAF) testing. RESULTS: Baseline PD in room light correlated with duration of diabetes mellitus (DM, p=0.049) and the presence of DM retinopathy (DMR, p=0.022). Eleven patients (50%) had positive apraclonidine tests, and two patients had positive pilocarpine tests. The patients who had positive pilocarpine tests also had positive apraclonidine tests. Patients who had a positive pupillary test had a significantly higher rate of positive CAF tests (p=0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Pupillary autonomic neuropathy was related to the duration of diabetes and the degree of DMR. There was also a significant correlation between pupillary autonomic neuropathy and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). Also, sympathetic nerve dysfunction occurred prior to parasympathetic dysfunction in this study. A simple pharmacologic pupillary test can help manage complications in diabetic patients because patients with pupillary autonomic dysfunction have an increased risk of CAN.
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists/administration & dosage/diagnostic use ; Adult ; Aged ; Clonidine/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/diagnostic use ; Diabetic Nephropathies/*diagnosis/physiopathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Miosis/*chemically induced/physiopathology ; Miotics/administration & dosage/diagnostic use ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Pilocarpine/administration & dosage/*diagnostic use ; Pupil/drug effects/*physiology ; Reproducibility of Results