No abstract available.
Humans ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition* ; Renal Dialysis*

PURPOSE: Wasting and underweight are the 2 main indicators of children’s undernutrition. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition at the national level in Iran. METHODS: We performed a search for original articles published in international and Iranian databases including MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, CINHAL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Scientific Information Database, Irandoc, Iranmedex, and Magiran during January 1989–August 2017. Seven keywords, in English and Persian, including malnutrition, protein energy malnutrition, growth disorders, underweight wasting, weight loss, children below 5 years old, and children, were used to search the databases. RESULTS: Finally, 17 articles were included in the meta-analysis, based on which the prevalence of underweight and wasting in Iranian children were estimated to be 11% and 5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of underweight among children in the central, western, southern, and northern parts of Iran and at the national level were 24%, 5%, 20%, 17%, and 6%, respectively. The prevalence rates of wasting in the central, western, southern, and northern parts of Iran and at the national level were 9%, 4%, 11%, 5%, and 4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of underweight and wasting in Iran was low, some parts of the country showed high prevalence. The main reason behind this difference in the prevalence of malnutrition may be due to the level of development in different regions.
Child* ; Growth Disorders ; Humans ; Iran ; Malnutrition ; Nursing ; Prevalence* ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition ; Thinness* ; Weight Loss

Anemia and malnutrition are common complications of end-stage renal disease. They increase the morbidity and mortality of end-stage renal disease patients and affect their quality of life. However, the mechanisms of anemia and malnutrition are already known, and their therapeutic guidelines are being established. Appropriate iron supplementation and the development of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents have made anemia easier to manage than in the past. In addition, adequate protein and calorie intake have allowed end-stage renal disease patients to maintain a neutral or positive nitrogen balance. These therapeutic approaches have decreased the morbidity and mortality of these end-stage renal disease patients. This review is a summary of the treatment of anemia and nutrition in end-stage renal disease, based on the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guideline on anemia and other anemia guidelines, and also on the KDOQI guideline on nutrition and European Best Practice Guideline (EBPG) on nutrition.
Anemia ; Hematinics ; Humans ; Iron ; Kidney Diseases ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Malnutrition ; Nitrogen ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition ; Quality of Life

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the current prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and the nutritional status of hospitalized pediatric patients. METHODS: We evaluated the nutritional status of the 200 patients from February to July 1994 and the 233 patients from February to July 1999 admitted to Pediatric Department of Chosun University Hospital. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric and laboratory data. The nutritional status was classified according to based on the Waterlow criteria and using the laboratory data obtained between 3 days to 5 days after admission. RESULTS: 1) The prevalence of acute PEM (weight for height) was as follows: severe, 0.5%; moderate, 7%; mild, 18%; and none, 74.5% in 1994 and severe, 2.24%; moderate, 3.59%; mild, 19.73%; and none, 74.4% in 1999. 2) The prevalence of chronic PEM (height for age) was as follows: severe, 5%; moderate, 5.5%; mild, 25.5%; and none, 64% in 1994 and severe, 2.24%; moderate, 4.04%; mild, 22.87%; and none, 70.85% in 1999. There was not a statistically significant difference between 1994 and 1999. 3) The prevalence of PEM according to age group, all age group had in general higher prevalence of mild PEM. 4) Values for hemoglobin and albumin were below than total lymphocyte values in PEM. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of acute or chronic PEM was common in hospitalized children. Therefore, the assessment of nutritional status may an important role to establish effective nutritional support and to improve their subsequent hospital course in hospitalized pediatric patient
Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Nutritional Status* ; Nutritional Support ; Prevalence ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Protein energy malnutrition occurs when inadequate protein and calories are ingested. PEM is not confined to children and is common in hospitalized patients. PEM is diagnosed by a weight loss and hypoalbuminemia. We report a case of PEM in a 27-year-old man after Whipple's operation. He had brittle hair, loss on the scalp and brownish colored papules with desquamation on extremities. Also he had erosion and fissuring on the perioral area and beef tongue. Treatment with zinc sulfate, albumin and vitamin resulted in a good response.
Adult ; Child ; Extremities ; Hair ; Humans ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition* ; Scalp ; Tongue ; Vitamins ; Weight Loss ; Zinc Sulfate

In Korea, implementation of nutrition support guidelines has been limited due to strict health insurance reimbursement policies as well as the lack of consensus on the best approach to TPN management. We examined the impact of TPN provision to hospitalized patients where NST (nutrition support team ) consultations were not requested by their primary physicians. The study showed the followings : 1. The median dutation of TPN provision was 8 days, but many patients were on TPN for less than 1 week. 2. The intake of energy and protein were less than the patient's requirements 3. Lipid emulsion was not provided to the most TPN patients. In conclusion, the role of NST should be expanded and studies are needed not only on TPN formulations which are suitable to Koreans but also on the cost-effectiveness of NST activities. TPN policies and protocols should be established based on the needs of each hospital.
Consensus ; Humans ; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement ; Korea ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition ; Referral and Consultation

To develop a live vaccine strain against fowl typhoid and paratyphoid caused by Salmonella serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (Salmonella Gallinarum) and Salmonella serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis), respectively, several nalidixic acid resistant mutants were selected from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rough strains of Salmonella Gallinarum that escaped from fatal infection of a LPS-binding lytic bacteriophage. A non-virulent and immunogenic vaccine strain of Salmonella Gallinarum, SR2-N6, was established through in vivo pathogenicity and protection efficacy tests. SR2-N6 was highly protective against Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Enteritidis and safer than Salmonella Gallinarum vaccine strain SG 9R in the condition of protein-energy malnutrition. Thus, SR2-N6 may be a safe and efficacious vaccine strain to prevent both fowl typhoid and paratyphoid.
Bacteriophages ; Nalidixic Acid ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition ; Salmonella ; Salmonella enteritidis ; Typhoid Fever* ; United Nations ; Virulence

OBJECTIVES: Protein-calorie malnutrition has been shown to be prevalent among patients on long-term hemodialysis(HD) patients. And assessment of nutritional status of HD patients has assumed greater importance because of the association of protein- calorie malnutrition with increasing morbidity and mortality. So we observed the incidence and clinical effect of protein-calorie malnutrition, and we compared the indices of nutrition with dialysis adequacy utilizing urea kinetic modeling in HD patients. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study in which eight parameters, based on anthropometry, blood chemistry and subjective symptoms, were scored according to the degree of abnormalities in 48 HD patients. A malnutrition index was derived from these scores. We also performed comparative analysis to identify significant correlations of the indices of urea kinetic modeling with the other parameters of nutritional status. RESULTS: The malnutrition index classified 12(25 %) patients as normal, 28(58%) intermediately malnourished, and 8(17%) as severely malnourished. Malnutrition index showed a significant correlation with the body mass index(BMI), mid-arm circumference(MAC), mid-arm muscle area(MAMA), duration of HD, total lymphocyte count,trnsferrin. The malnutrition index also showed a significant correlation with renal creatinine clearance(Ccr), alkaline phosphatase. However, malnutrition index showed no meaningful correlation with TWR-Kt/V, TW-Kt/V, BUN, cholesterol,calcium, triglyceride. The value of Ccr was significantly lower in the severely malnourished and intermediately group than in the normal group. CONCLUSION: In assessing the nutritional status of HD patients, body weight, MAC, MAMA, duration of HD, total lymphocyte count, transferrin, alkaline phosphatase and Ccr were considered useful parameters. No meaningful relationships between TW-Kt/V and malnutrition index or between NPCR (normalized protein catabolic rate) and malnutrition index were found in this cross-sectional study. As the number of patients with longer duration of HD or negligible Ccr has increased in the malnourished patients, regular monitoring of these parameters, especially TWR-Kt/V and residual renal function may be helpful to assess dialysis adequacy to keep good nutritional status of each HD patient.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Anthropometry ; Body Weight ; Chemistry ; Creatinine ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dialysis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymphocyte Count ; Lymphocytes ; Malnutrition ; Mortality ; Nutritional Status ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition ; Renal Dialysis* ; Transferrin ; Triglycerides ; Urea*

It has been considered that the nutrition affects the mortality of chronic renal failure patients. Thus, several studies reported the method of examination about nutritional status in chronic renal failure patients. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional status of 32 chronic renal failure patients, and recommend DEXA as a objective method. Thirty two chronic renal failure patients and 24 disease-free persons on kidney(control group) were included in this syudy. There were no difference in mean age, sex, weight, height, body mass index between two groups. We measured % total body fat, fat-free mass, limb fat, trunl fat, limb fat/trunk fat ratio with Hologic QDR 4500. The results were as follows. 1)% Total body fat of chronic renal failure patients was 20.7+/-7.9%. That was lower than 26.3+/-7.9% of control group(P<0.05). 2)Fat-free mass of chronic renal failure patients revealed lower result compared with control group. Each result was 40.2+/-12.2kg, 46.2+/-9.1kg(P<0.05). 3)Despite of no significant difference between two groups in ratio of limb fat and trunk fat, limb fat and trunk fat were statistically different(Limb fat:CRF-5.6+/-2.4kg, Control-7.1+/-1.9kg, Trunk fat:CRF- 5.2+/-3.0kg, Control-7.7+/-2.7kg)(P<0.05). 4)Triceps skinfold thockness was positively correlated with % total body fat, limb fat, trunk fat, and negatively correlated with fat-free mass. Mid- arm muscle area circumference had inverse relationship above(P<0.05). 6)Severe malnurished patients(SGA-C group) had lower result compared to mild-moderate malnurished patients(SGA-B group) about %TBF, LF,TF, total lymphocyte count. In addition to DEXA, we examined triceps skinfold thickness and mid-arm muscle area circumference. The result showed significant comparison between two groups, too. But albumin, cholesterol, potassium level was no statistical significant difference, except lymphcyte count. In conclusion, as suggested by above results, chronic renal failure patients has protein-calorie malnutrition. This nutritional status affects long-term survival of chronic renal failure patients. DEXA can give objective data accompanied with simple anthropometric measurement in nutriti onal status. Thus, we recommend DEXA as objective method of nutritional examination. In future, more precise method will be discovered, and that contribute more long-term survival of chronic renal failure patients.
Adipose Tissue ; Arm ; Body Height ; Cholesterol ; Equidae* ; Extremities ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Lymphocyte Count ; Malnutrition ; Mortality ; Nutritional Status ; Potassium ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition ; Skinfold Thickness

This study set out to evaluate the impact of personalized nutritional counseling (PNC) on the nutritional status of hemodialysis (HD) patients. This was an intervention study for 10 months at 2 hospitals. Anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, and body composition parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of PNC. A total of 42 patients (23 men and 19 women) were included. Intake of dietary protein, serum albumin, and cholesterol levels had increased significantly from baseline to month 6 (p < 0.05). Among the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters, both the body cell mass (BCM) and the fat free mass (FFM) had significantly reduced at month 3 compared to baseline (p < 0.05). However, there was no difference between baseline and month 6. We assessed the nutritional status of the subjects using the malnutrition inflammation score (MIS), and divided them into an adequately nourished (AN) and a malnourished (MN) group at baseline. In the subgroup analysis, serum levels of albumin and cholesterol had increased significantly, particularly from baseline to month 6 in the MN group (p < 0.05). This study suggests that consecutive PNC contributed to the improvement of the protein intake, serum levels of albumin, cholesterol and to the delay of muscle wasting, which could also have a positive impact on the nutritional status, particularly in malnourished patients receiving HD treatment.
Body Composition ; Cholesterol ; Counseling* ; Diet Therapy ; Dietary Proteins ; Electric Impedance ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Male ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status* ; Protein-Energy Malnutrition ; Renal Dialysis* ; Serum Albumin