Male ; Humans ; Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology* ; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology* ; Hormones ; Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use*

A case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate gland in a 38-year-old Korean man is described. Microscopically, variable patterns, that is, glandular, trabecular, cribriform and solid areas, were seen. The unusual location of this tumor in our patient highlights the ubiquitous distribution of this malignant neoplasm.
Adult ; Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/*pathology ; Human ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*pathology

Although immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and achieved remarkable success across many different cancer types, only a subset of patients shows meaningful clinical responses. In particular, advanced prostate cancer exhibits overwhelming de novo resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. This is primarily due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer. Therefore, it is paramount to understand how prostate cancer cell-intrinsic mechanisms promote immune evasion and foster an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Here, we review recent findings that reveal the roles of the genetic alterations, androgen receptor signaling, cancer cell plasticity, and oncogenic pathways in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment and thereby driving immunotherapy resistance. Based on preclinical and clinical observations, a variety of therapeutic strategies are being developed that may illuminate new paths to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in prostate cancer.
Male ; Humans ; Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology* ; Prostate/pathology* ; Immunotherapy ; Tumor Microenvironment

OBJECTIVETo study the clinicopathological characteristics of prostatic cystadenoma (PC).

METHODSA sample from surgically removed tissues of a PC patient was examined by conventional pathology and immunohistochemistry. The clinical data and clinicopathological features were analyzed, and the related literature reviewed.

RESULTSThe patient was a male aged 55 years, treated by TUVP for dysuria a year before. The tumor was a grey mass, with lots of different sized capsular spaces full of clear white liquid in the cross section. Histologically, the tumor cells were arranged in a sieve-like, microcapsule-shaped or adenoid pattern, lined with cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells, the nuclei located in the base with neither cellular atypia nor mitosis. Concerning the immunophenotype, PSA, PAP and CK7 were positively expressed in the columnar epithelial cells and 34betaE12 in the basal cells, while CK20, P504S, CEA and villin were negatively expressed, with Ki67 + < 2%.

CONCLUSIONProstatic cystadenoma is a rare benign tumor originating in the prostate, with a unique morphological structure, and mostly with the expressions of PSA and PAP.

Prostate cancer shows a strong predilection to spread to the bones. Cancer metastasis is composed of a complex cascade that involves a variety of critical steps beginning with detachment from the primary tumor and ending with growth of the tumor at a distant site. Varus factors produced by the bone microenvironment contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer skeletal metastasis. This review summarizes the multifactorial mechanisms and complex cellular interactions that take place inside the bone metastatic microenvironment.
Bone Neoplasms ; secondary ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; pathology

An ultrasonic scanner in the field of urology is described that can be used for transurethral as well as for transrectal scanning of the bladder and prostate. The bladder was visualized best by transurethral scanning, while the rectal approach was preferable for examination of the prostate. Transurethral ultrasonography was performed in 7 patients with bladder cancer. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed in 21 controls and 41 patients with prostatic disease. The following results were obtained: 1. Diagnostic accuracy of the staging of transurethral ultrasonography was 85.7% in bladder cancer. 2. The average values of maximum anterioposterior, superio-inferior and transverse diameter. obtained from ultrasonogram were 2.43+/-0.29cm, 3.27+/-0.41cm, 4.07+/-0.91cm in control group ;3.11+/-0.6lcm, 4.16+/-0.66 cm, 4.71+/-0.76cm in B.P.H.; 3.65+/-0.46cm, 4.88+/-0.23cm, 5.98+/-0.18cm in prostatic cancer. 3. Diagnostic accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography was 93% in B.P.H. and 80% in prostatic cancer. 4. Transurethral ultrasonography enabled us to determine the degree of tumor invasion of the bladder wall and was useful to help select appropriate therapy. Transrectal ultrasonography has proved especially in estimating prostatic size and in detecting pathology.
Humans ; Pathology ; Prostate ; Prostatic Diseases ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Ultrasonics ; Ultrasonography* ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urology

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in the reproductive system of older males. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is an important treatment for prostate cancer patients. However, almost all prostate cancer patients unavoidably progress to the castration-resistant stage after ADT treatment. Recent studies have shown that tumor-associated immune cells play major roles in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of prostate cancer. Various phenotypes of tumor-associated immune cells have tumor-promoting or antitumor functions mediated by interacting with tumor cells. Here, we review the current knowledge of tumor-associated immune cells in prostate cancer.
Disease Progression ; Humans ; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology* ; Macrophages/pathology* ; Male ; Neutrophils/pathology* ; Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy* ; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/therapy*

Radiomics can extract high-throughput and quantitative image features from medical images and mine the information related to the pathophysiology of tumors,which can help clinical decision-making and improve the diagnostic and predictive performance.Radiomics has been widely used in the study of prostate cancer (PCa),demonstrating application values in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis,pathology classification,invasion assessment,efficacy prediction,and prognosis analysis of PCa.Here we reviewed the recent research progress of magnetic resonance imaging-based radiomics in PCa.
Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Male ; Prognosis ; Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology*

OBJECTIVETo explore the basic features of the prostate carcinoma Gleason grading system of the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP).

METHODSWe analyzed the means and proportions of the Gleason score (GS), primary grade (PG), secondary grade (SG) and third grade (TG) of 667 cases of prostate carcinoma.

RESULTSThe means of GS, PG, SG and TG were 7.06 +/- 1.10, 3.53 +/- 0.66, 3.53 +/- 0.72 and 4.30 +/- 0.96, respectively. The cases with GS 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 accounted for 0.4% (3/677), 37.2% (252/677), 34.4% (233/677), 13.7% (93/677), 12.0% (81/677) and 2.2% (15/677), respectively; those with GS < or = 6 and > or = 7 constituted 37.7% (255/677) and 62.3% (422/677); those with GS3 + 3, 4 + 3 and 3 + 4 made up 37.2% (252/677), 19.2% (130/677) and 15.2% (103/677); and the TG cases held 10.3% (70/677), including 30.0% (21/70) of grade 3, 10% (7/70) of grade 4 and 60.0% (42/70) of grade 5.

CONCLUSIONOur study showed a high proportion of GS, a low proportion of GS < or = 6, and a high proportion of GS > or = 7 in the ISUP prostate carcinoma Gleason grading system. TG of GS needs to be further understood.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major health risk for older men worldwide. Existing systemic therapies mostly target androgen receptor (AR). Although treatments are initially effective, the disease always recurs. A potential mechanism for the treatment failure is that PCa contains, in addition to the AR-positive luminal type tumor cells, a small component of neuroendocrine (NE) cells. The function of NE cells in PCa remains poorly understood, and one important characteristic of these cells is their lack of expression of AR and resistance to hormonal therapy. In addition, many patients develop the more aggressive small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC) after hormonal therapy. Although this clinical phenomenon of disease transformation from adenocarcinoma to SCNC is well established, the cell of origin for SCNC remains unclear. Recently, loss of function of Rb and TP53 and amplification and overexpression of MYCN and Aurora A kinase have been identified as important biomarkers and potential disease drivers. In this article, we systematically review the histology of normal prostate and prostate cancer including the main histologic types: adenocarcinoma and SCNC. We also review the findings from many studies using cellular and animal models as well as human specimens that attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms of treatment failure, disease progression, and tumor transformation from adenocarcinoma to SCNC.
Adenocarcinoma/pathology* ; Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology* ; Humans ; Male ; Neuroendocrine Cells/pathology* ; Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology*