Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Public Health

Environmental Pollutants ; Humans ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls ; Population Surveillance

OBJECTIVETo explore relationships among several capture-recapture methods to be used in injury studies.

METHODSComparing the method on the estimation number of missed cases with supergeometric distribution and proportional methods and study the relationship between the three methods.

RESULTSResults from estimation method for number of missed cases and supergeometric distribution were identical while the formula of estimation method for number of missed cases could be induced from one of supergeometric distribution formula. The distribution of injured population did not belong to the negative binomial distribution. The estimation range was not the same between proportional method and supergeometric distribution.

CONCLUSIONSEither supergeometric distribution or estimation method for number of missed cases could be chosen, but the former was simple in calculation. Considering the estimating range was not the same between supergeometric distribution and proportional method, conditions for application must be considered during implementation.

China ; epidemiology ; Foodborne Diseases ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Population Surveillance

China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Population Surveillance

Comet Assay ; DNA Damage ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure ; Population Surveillance ; methods

Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Public Health Informatics

Over the past decade, syndromic surveillance, as supplementation of disease surveillance, has provided possibility of early alert in a real-time way for detection of emerging infectious diseases and outbreaks of widespread infectious diseases, resulting in improvement in sensitivity of outbreak detection and public health alert capacity. This tool has been highly valued and widely used in the world, and effective implementation has been observed in China. Upon abundant literature search, the authors reviewed the progress and advance of syndromic surveillance in early alert of emerging infectious diseases and outbreaks, and analyzed the problem met in the current situation in China when implementing syndromic surveillance in local facilities, which are high cost, lack of medical information platform, lack of real-time digital alert system and lack of a comprehensive information exchange platform. The authors suggested that syndromic surveillance should be implemented considering the local situation and performed in a more effective way in the current situation. Syndromic surveillance has to be integrated into the conventional public health surveillance systems and advanced laboratory networks. Digital information system is urgently needed to achieve real-time alert.
China ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Population Surveillance

China ; Communicable Disease Control ; Disease Notification ; Humans ; Population Surveillance

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between ultrasonography (US) quality and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2013, 155 patients were diagnosed with liver cancer during regular surveillance by positive US results (US group, n=82) or by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance image (MRI) scanning as alternative modalities (CT/MRI group, n=73). The quality of the echogenic window, macronodularity of the liver parenchyma, and occurrence of surveillance failure (initial tumor diagnosis beyond the Milan criteria or at Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage B or C) were evaluated. Overall survival was compared according to whether surveillance failure occurred. RESULTS: The patients in the CT/MRI group with negative US results had a higher proportion of parenchymal macronodularity on US than those in the US group (79.5% vs. 63.4%, P=0.028). Surveillance failure tended to be more common in the US group than in the CT/MRI group (40.2% vs. 26.0% by the BCLC staging system [P=0.061]). In the US group, surveillance failure occurred more frequently when the echogenic window was inadequate (50.0% vs. 19.4% by the Milan criteria [P=0.046]). Significantly poorer 5-year overall survival was associated with surveillance failure (P≤0.001). CONCLUSION: Parenchymal macronodularity hindered the detection of early-stage tumors during US surveillance. Using an alternative imaging modality may help prevent surveillance failure in patients with macronodular parenchyma on US. Supplemental surveillance strategies than US may also be necessary when the echogenic window is inadequate.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Neoplasms ; Population Surveillance ; Ultrasonography