Study on the isolation, structure elucidation 2 saponins and antibacterial, antifungal activities and cytotoxicity of saponins from roots of Momordica cochinchinesis Spreng, 4-5 years of age and collected at Tay Ninh in June 2002. Results: 2 saponins of oleanolic acid group were isolated and elucidated from BuOH extract of the root of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng extraction were momordin Ib and momordin. Saponin's structure was determined by spectrum method and was compared with published data. The results showed that both of saponins have strong antibacterial to E.coli, B.subtillis, and S.aureus without cytotoxicity in the three experimental cell lines
Saponins ; Momordica ; Plant Roots

Forty-three annual Citrus aurantium grafted seedlings from Chongqing, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi and other main producing areas were collected, and the plant height, rootstock diameter, scion diameter, root length, root diameter, lateral root number, root breadth, branch number, branch length, green leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, thorns and other indicators were measured. Through the K-cluster analysis of SPSS 19.0 software, the classification standards were obtained. Combined with the production practice, plant height, scion diameter and branch number were taken as the quality classification indexes of C. aurantium seedlings(annual grafted seedlings), and three classification standards were established. If it does not meet the three-level standard, it is unqualified seedling and cannot be used as seedling. It is suggested to use the first and second level seedlings in production.
Citrus ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Roots ; Seedlings

To solve the serious problem of stem and leaf shading in the middle and late stage of traditional flat planting of Codonopsis pilosula, this study analyzed the effects of different stereoscopic traction heights on the photosynthetic characteristics and growth of C. pilosula and explored the optimal traction height to improve the yield and quality of C. pilosula. The experiment designed three stereo-scopic traction heights [H1(60 cm), H2(90 cm), and H3(120 cm)] with natural growth without traction as the control(CK). The results showed that the increase in stereoscopic traction heights broadened the growth space of stems and leaves of C. pilosula, enhanced the ventilation effect, significantly increased the average daily net photosynthetic rate of C. pilosula, promoted the absorption of intercellular CO_2, decreased the transpiration rate, and reduced the evaporation of water. Moreover, it effectively avoided the problem of weakened photosynthesis, maintained the carbon balance of individual plants, and promoted the growth and development of the C. pilosula roots. In terms of the seed yield of C. pilosula, it was ranked as H2>H1>H3>CK. To be specific, H1 increased by 213.41% compared with CK, H2 increased by 282.43% compared with CK, and H3 increased by 133.95% compared with CK. The yield and quality of C. pilosula were the highest in the H3 treatment group, with the fresh yield of 6 858.33 kg·hm~(-2), 50.59% higher than CK, dry yield of 2 398.33 kg·hm~(-2), 76.54% higher than CK, and lobetyolin content of 0.56 mg·g~(-1), 45.22% higher than CK. Therefore, the stereoscopic traction height has a great influence on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and quality of C. pilosula. Particularly, the yield and quality of C. pilosula can be optimized and improved in the traction height treatment of H3(120 cm). This planting method is worth popularizing and applying in the cultivated management of C. pilosula.
Codonopsis ; Traction ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Roots

The biological characteristics,agronomic traits,yield traits,stress resistance,quality and photosynthetic characteristics among six lily varieties were compared in order to screen out the excellent lily varieties suitable for spread planting in Hunan province. Lilium longiflorum had the longest growth period,246 days,among these six lily varieties,while others were about 170 days. The leaves of L.longiflorum,self-selected variety,L. lancifolium and L. dauricum had higher chlorophyll content. No obvious difference was found in net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate and intercellular CO2 concentration among all varieties. The self-selected variety had the highest theoretical and actual yield,2 543. 03,1 608. 65 kg per Mu(1 Mu≈666. 7 m2),respectively,but contents of polysaccharides and flavones in bulbs were lower. All of these six lily varieties can sowing,seedling emergence,growth,flowering,mature harvest in Hunan province. L. dauricum and L. lancifolium would be provided for edible lily. L. brownie and the self-selected variety are highly susceptible varieties. L. dauricum and L. lancifolium are suitable to plant widely in disease-prone regions,due to their strong resistance. L. brownie and L. lancifolium are preferred varieties for medicinal and food using for their good quality and higher contents of polysaccharides and flavones. L. davidii had lower theoretical and actual yield,so planting extension of it should be taken into account.
Chlorophyll ; Lilium ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Roots

The root of Hedyotis capitellata Wall. ex G.Don var. mollis Piere ex Pit. Rubiaceae, has been investigated chemical constituents. The roots contained alkaloids, saponin, tannin, anthranoid. Of these, 3 compounds were purified and their IR,UV, EIMS, NMR spectra were determined and showed that: They were Hedyocapitine, Capitelline and Di- (2’- ethyl-1’-hexyl) phthalate (or1,2- benzenedicarboxylic acid, Di- (2’-ethyl-1’-hexyl) ester).
Chemistry ; Plant Roots ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

Steam distillation of fresh roots, small rhizomes, large rhizomes, stems and leaves of Curcuma elata Roxb (Zingiberaceae) produced oils in yields of 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.34%, 0.02%, 0.19% repectively. The oils were analyzed by high resolution GC and GC/MS. Among the more than 40 compounds identified in the stem and leaf oils-pinene (9.1% and 9.7%) 1.8-cineole (17.8%; 21.9%) and humelene (7.5% and 6.7%) we found predominatly. The oils of the roots, small rhizomes and large rhizomes contained great amounts of oxygenated terpenes such as ar-curcu-mene (22.3%, 26.7% and 25.4%),  bisabolene (14.7%, 16.9% and 15.9%) and cuzerenone (20.6%, 13.9% and 12.0%). The oxygenated compounds contribute to the special odor of these oils.
Oils, Volatile ; Plant Roots ; Rhizome

Study on extraction and isolation of thiophen compounds from root of Pluchea pteropoda Hemsl., collected at Dien Chau, Nghe An province showed that: 2- (pent-1,3-diynyl)-5-(3, 4-dihidroxybut-1-ynyl)-thiophene was isolated from the roots of Plucea Pteropoda Hemsl. This compound was needle-shaped crystal, no color, soluble in clorofoc; insoluble in n-hexan, research temperature 95-960C, its structure was identified by EI-MS, 1HNMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT. This is the first time, the thiophen derivatives were found in Pluchea pteropoda Hemsl
Thiophenes ; Plant Roots ; Plants ; medicinal

The hepatoprotective effect against carbone tetrachloride-induced liver was demonstrated in mice. Aqueous and methanol extract of ML root at the dose of 10mg/kg/day had reduced the serum ALT enzyme activity, bilirubine level and hepatic malonyl dialdehyd in mice. Methanol extract exerts high antioxydant effect, it inhibited CCl4 toxicity. Macroscopic and microscopic structure images of liver damage were improved obviously, restoration was noted
Plants, Medicinal ; liver ; Plant Roots

The authors studied total dry extract of roots of Nho dong – a valuable herb that Thai ethnic used to treat liver diseases, colitis and oedema. Roots collected at Chieng An commune, Son La town, Son La province. Isolating chemical components by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, authors collected a substance called CP3. Results of spectral analyses by UV, IR, MS, and NMR techniques showed that CP3 was emodin
Medicine, Traditional ; Emodin ; Plant Roots

Molecular pharmacognosy is a science of classification and identification, cultivation and protection, and production of active ingredients of graduated drugs at the molecular level. The proposal of molecular pharmacognosy allows the research of crude drugs to advance from the microscopic level to the genetic level. Pueraria lobata root, as a medicinal and edible plant, has high application value and economic value. There are many varieties that are easy to cause confusion, and it is not easy to distinguish and identify according to traditional identification methods. Moreover, the research of P. lobate root at the genetic level is still relatively shallow. the study received extensive attention of scholars. This article reviews recent research on molecular identification of P. lobate, transcriptome sequencing, cloning and synthesis of functional genes of P. lobate root in recent years in order to provide references for further promoting the development and utilization of P. lobate root and its active ingredients.
Pharmacognosy ; Plant Roots/genetics* ; Pueraria