One bioactive flavonoid on brine shrimp test was isolated from leaves of Macaranga triloba (Blume) Muell-aRG...Its structure was elucidated based on spectral analysis, including UV, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 13C-DEPT, and was determined as vitexin
Flavonoids ; Plant Leaves

From the leaves of Eurya ciliata(Merr),Chrysoeriol, a flavonoide, was isolated.The 13C-NMR reassignment of Chrysoeriol is based on the analysis of 2D-NMR experiments
Flavonoids ; Plant Leaves ; isolation & purification

Grayanatoxin IV, a tetracyclic diterpenoid, was isolated from the leaves of Macaranga triloba for the first time. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis including1H-NMR,13CNMR and 2D-NMR techniques in comparison with 13CNMR data of the authentic compound
Pharmacy ; plants ; Plant Leaves ; drugs

This study was designed to identify the pathogen causing soft rot of Pinellia ternata in Qianjiang of Hubei province and screen out the effective bactericides, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the control of soft rot of P. ternata. In this study, the pathogen was identified based on molecular biology and physiological biochemistry, followed by the detection of pathogenicity and pathogenicity spectrum via plant tissue inoculation in vitro and the indoor toxicity determination using the inhibition zone method to screen out bactericide with good antibacterial effects. The control effect of the bactericide against P. ternata soft rot was verified by the leave and tuber inoculation in vitro. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the 16 S rDNA, dnaX gene, and recA gene sequences, respectively, and the result showed that the pathogen belonged to the same branch as the type strain Dickeya fangzhongdai JS5. The physiological and biochemical tests showed that the pathogen was identical to D. fangzhongdai, which proved that the pathogen was D. fangzhongdai. The pathogenicity test indicated that the pathogen could obviously infect leaves at 24 h and tubers in 3 d. As revealed by the indoor toxicity test, 0.3% tetramycin, 5% allicin, and 80% ethylicin had good antibacterial activities, with EC_(50) values all less than 50 mg·L~(-1). Tests in tissues in vitro showed that 5% allicin exhibited the best control effect, followed by 0.3% tetramycin and 10% zhongshengmycin oligosaccharide, and their preventive effects were better than curative effects. Therefore, 5% allicin can be used as the preferred agent for the control of P. ternata soft rot, and 0.3% tetramycin and 10% zhongshengmycin oligosaccharide as the alternatives. This study has provided a certain theoretical basis for the control of P. ternata soft rot.
Phylogeny ; Pinellia/chemistry* ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Tubers

Forty-three annual Citrus aurantium grafted seedlings from Chongqing, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi and other main producing areas were collected, and the plant height, rootstock diameter, scion diameter, root length, root diameter, lateral root number, root breadth, branch number, branch length, green leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, thorns and other indicators were measured. Through the K-cluster analysis of SPSS 19.0 software, the classification standards were obtained. Combined with the production practice, plant height, scion diameter and branch number were taken as the quality classification indexes of C. aurantium seedlings(annual grafted seedlings), and three classification standards were established. If it does not meet the three-level standard, it is unqualified seedling and cannot be used as seedling. It is suggested to use the first and second level seedlings in production.
Citrus ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Roots ; Seedlings

Compounds(1-6) were isolated and identified from 90% ethanol extract of the stems and leaves of Cassia occidentalis through column chromatography with silica gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH-20. These compounds were identified as 7-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl)-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one(1), saccharonol A(2), S-6-hydroxymullein(3), 2-methyl-5-acetonyl-7-hydroxy-chromone(4), 2-(2'-hydroxypropyl)-5-methyl-7-hydroxychromone(5) and 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone(6) based on their physicochemical and spectroscopic data. Among them, compound 1 was a new compound, and all the compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. DPPH method was employed to determine the antioxidant activities of these compounds in vitro. Six compounds exhibited weak antioxidant activities.
Chromones ; Plant Leaves ; Senna Plant ; Spectrum Analysis

To solve the serious problem of stem and leaf shading in the middle and late stage of traditional flat planting of Codonopsis pilosula, this study analyzed the effects of different stereoscopic traction heights on the photosynthetic characteristics and growth of C. pilosula and explored the optimal traction height to improve the yield and quality of C. pilosula. The experiment designed three stereo-scopic traction heights [H1(60 cm), H2(90 cm), and H3(120 cm)] with natural growth without traction as the control(CK). The results showed that the increase in stereoscopic traction heights broadened the growth space of stems and leaves of C. pilosula, enhanced the ventilation effect, significantly increased the average daily net photosynthetic rate of C. pilosula, promoted the absorption of intercellular CO_2, decreased the transpiration rate, and reduced the evaporation of water. Moreover, it effectively avoided the problem of weakened photosynthesis, maintained the carbon balance of individual plants, and promoted the growth and development of the C. pilosula roots. In terms of the seed yield of C. pilosula, it was ranked as H2>H1>H3>CK. To be specific, H1 increased by 213.41% compared with CK, H2 increased by 282.43% compared with CK, and H3 increased by 133.95% compared with CK. The yield and quality of C. pilosula were the highest in the H3 treatment group, with the fresh yield of 6 858.33 kg·hm~(-2), 50.59% higher than CK, dry yield of 2 398.33 kg·hm~(-2), 76.54% higher than CK, and lobetyolin content of 0.56 mg·g~(-1), 45.22% higher than CK. Therefore, the stereoscopic traction height has a great influence on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and quality of C. pilosula. Particularly, the yield and quality of C. pilosula can be optimized and improved in the traction height treatment of H3(120 cm). This planting method is worth popularizing and applying in the cultivated management of C. pilosula.
Codonopsis ; Traction ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Roots

In this research,we explored the effect of three groups of water treatments,including severe drought(the corresponding water content of cultivated substrate 5%-10%),moderate drought(45%-50%) and control(85%-90%),and different drought stress time(15,30,45 d) on the glandular trichome density(TD),stomatal density(SD) and volatile exudates of Schizonepeta tenuifolia.The results showed that there were two kinds of glandular trichomes on the surface of S. tenuifolia leaves: peltate and capitate glandular trichomes. The density of capitate glandular trichomes(CTD) was higher than that of peltate glandular trichomes(PTD). Both CTD and PTD on the abaxial surface of leaf were higher than those on the adaxial surface. Under severe drought stress,the CTD and SD were higher than the other two treatments. Under the same stress time,the biomass and leaf surface area of S. tenuifolia decreased with the deepening of stress degree. As the stress time prolonged,the surface area of leaves and biomass gradually increased,and the TD and SD decreased. The most abundant compound in volatile exudates of S. tenuifolia was pulegone. Under drought stress,the relative content of pulegone decreased,and the relative content of other monoterpenoids such as D-limonene and menthone increased. The n-hexadeconic acid and 2-methyl-1-hexadecanol were detected only at the stress of 15 d,while menthone was detected at the stress of 30 d and45 d. Drought stress affected the leaf growth and secondary metabolism of S. tenuifolia.
Droughts ; Lamiaceae ; Plant Exudates ; Plant Leaves ; Trichomes

The biological characteristics,agronomic traits,yield traits,stress resistance,quality and photosynthetic characteristics among six lily varieties were compared in order to screen out the excellent lily varieties suitable for spread planting in Hunan province. Lilium longiflorum had the longest growth period,246 days,among these six lily varieties,while others were about 170 days. The leaves of L.longiflorum,self-selected variety,L. lancifolium and L. dauricum had higher chlorophyll content. No obvious difference was found in net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate and intercellular CO2 concentration among all varieties. The self-selected variety had the highest theoretical and actual yield,2 543. 03,1 608. 65 kg per Mu(1 Mu≈666. 7 m2),respectively,but contents of polysaccharides and flavones in bulbs were lower. All of these six lily varieties can sowing,seedling emergence,growth,flowering,mature harvest in Hunan province. L. dauricum and L. lancifolium would be provided for edible lily. L. brownie and the self-selected variety are highly susceptible varieties. L. dauricum and L. lancifolium are suitable to plant widely in disease-prone regions,due to their strong resistance. L. brownie and L. lancifolium are preferred varieties for medicinal and food using for their good quality and higher contents of polysaccharides and flavones. L. davidii had lower theoretical and actual yield,so planting extension of it should be taken into account.
Chlorophyll ; Lilium ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; Plant Roots

OBJECTIVETo study the flavonoids from the leaves of Santalum album.

METHODThe sample was extracted with 70% ethanol by continuous thermal reflux. The extraction was separated and purified by column chromatography over macroporous adsorption resin, polyamide and sephadexlh-20. Their structures were identified by detailed spectroscopic analysis.

RESULTEight flavonoids were isolated and identified as vicenin-2 (1), vitexin (2), isovitexin (3), orientin (4), isoorientin (5). chrysin-8-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), chrysin-6-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), and isorhamnetin (8).

CONCLUSIONAll compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.