Objective To study the influence of alprostadil on the serum adiponectin and leptin in patients with early diabetic nephropathy.Methods 98 patients with early diabetic nephropathy were randomly divided into two groups,the control group(n =48 cases) and the treatment group(n =50 cases).The patients of the control group were treated through the conventional treatment.However,the patients of the treatment group were treated plus alprostadil.They were treated for 21 days.The urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER),adiponectin,leptin and insulin resistance were detected before and after treatment.Results The UAER,adiponectin leptin and insulin resistance were improved after treatment,while those of the treatment group were more significantly improved than those of the control group(P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Alprostadil can improve the conditions of early diabetic nephropathy which is through improving the adiponectin and insulin resistance.