The link between micro- and macro-parameters for radiation interactions that take place in living biological systems is described in this paper. Meanwhile recent progress and development in microdosimetry and nanodosimetry are introduced, including the methods to measure and calculate these micro- or nano-parameters. The relationship between radiobiology and physical quantities in microdosimetry and nanodosimetry was presented. Both the current problems on their applications in radiation protection and radiotherapy and the future development direction are proposed.
Humans ; Physics ; Radiation Protection ; Radiobiology ; Radiometry

Reform on medial service compensation mechanism,as a key point in the heahhcare system reform,runs through the entire reform process.It plays a key role for the establishment and improvement of urban medical care system,medical service system,medical management system and operating system,for its guidance and regulation effects.Such a refonn to build a scientific and perfect compensation model and mechanism will be highly significant for the smooth progress of the new round of healthcare reform and its success in the end.

Effective management for hypertension in renal diseases should be carried out according to the principles of 2007 ESH-ESC Practice Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension.The important role of kidney in the classification of hypertension,the corresponding therapy,the set of the target blood pressure,the choice of antihypertensive agents and combination therapy should be focused.Comprehensive approaches should be used for the treatment of hypertension in renal diseases to protect the target organs(including the kidney).Appropriate prevention and management strategies for hypertension in renal diseases should be disseminated and optimized.

Since continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT) is a continuous treatment,extracorporeal anticoagulation is an important measure to ensure the success of CRRT.We briefly describe the basic principles,modes and monitoring objectives of anticoagulation in CRRT.Besides,heparin anticoagulation,anticoagulation without heparin and regional citrate anticoagulation(RCA)are presented in details.We emphasize that anticoagulation mode should be individualized,and the correct selection of anticoagulation mode and intensive clinical monitor are essential to prevent complications.

Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is an autoimmune disease that affects primarily women,commonly in their reproductive years but does not influence fertility.More recent prospective studies indicate that pregnancy is safe for the majority of mothers if it is planned when SLE is quiescent.In pregnant women with lupus nephritis,the outcome of the fetal and maternal is strongly correlated with lupus activity,kidney function and the presence of aPL at the time of conception.To prevent renal complications,prednisone is given after conception,and reinforcement for a few days before the estimated delivery and for a week after delivery or miscarriage with rapid tapering to maintenance levels may be suggested.Treatment of flares includes corticosteroids,hydroxychloroquine,azothioprine and cyclosporin A.Blood pressure is controlled with methyldopa,labetalol nifedipine or hydralazine.

Multiple modality treatment has been adapted for the treatment of various cancers,the outcome has been dramatically improved,but some of unique side effects due to the modalities like chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy have been observed in the clinic. Radiation recall dermatitis(RRD) is one of the side effects. In this paper,the etiology,clinical features,diagnosis,treatment and related factors of the radiation recall dermatitis are discussed.

[Objective]Modify Xuejiejiawei Granule judgment toxic particles to guide its clinical drug safety.[Method]Make different dosages,give the mouse to fill stomach,from the observing mouse's physiological condition to judging the medicine toxic.[Result]36 mice after given the medicine observation period do not have an example to die,after the dissection the internal organs have non-pathological changes.[Conclusion] Looking at Xuejiejiawei Granule from the medicine toxic effect,the Xuejie adding the taste pellet is a safe medicine.

Objective To investigate the role of serum osteopontin in the occurrence of pemphigus vulgaris (PV).Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to determine serum levels of osteopontin in 31 patients with PV and 35 healthy human controls.Statistical analysis was carried out by t test and Spearman rank correlation analysis with the SPSS 17.0 software and Excel.Results Serum levels of osteopontin were significandy higher in patients with PV than in healthy controls (P ＜ 0.01),in patients with mucocutaneous involvement than in those with only cutaneous involvement (P ＜ 0.05),and in patients with complicated infections than in those without (P ＜ 0.01).There was a positive correlation between serum levels of osteopontin and anti-Dsg3 antibody in patients with PV (rs =0.489,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Serum levels of osteopontin are increased in patients with PV,especially in those with mucocutaneous involvement,and positively correlated with PV-related antibody titers.

Objective]The article summarizes professor Fu Ping clinical evidence-based medicine in the experience of vicarious menstruation. [Methods] From disease name,pathogenesis,therapy and so on,summarize the experience and thoughts of treating,and for a case to analyze treatment characteristics and therapeutic effect. [Results]Fu Ping holds the view that the reason for the occurrence of vicarious menstruation is liver fire invading lung,lung or kidney Yin deficiency,qi stagnation blood stasis or liver-yang hyperactivity and spleen deficienty; The location of disease is in the lung,closely related with liver and kidney.The main therapy is to nourish Yin and moisten lung or clear liver and decrease internal heat. For the syndrome of liver-yang hyperactivity and spleen deficiently,Fu Ping using method of breeding earth and suppressing wood to treat is medicable.[Conclusion]Professor Fu Ping's experience in treating vicarious menstruation is worthy of study.

[Objective] To observe the clinical effects of resvised wu pi decoction on mild and moderate ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. [Method]To 30 of such cases ,take resvised wu pi decoction to strengthen spleen and tonify kidney, remove dampness and prevent miscarriage, observe patient chest dis-tress, abdominal distension and liquid intake and output volume of 24 hours etc.;Then estimate the clinical effect,and analyze one typical case.[Result]The marked effective rate was 60.00%, with total effective rate 96.67%. [Conclusion] The clinical application of resvised wu pi decoction treating mild and moderate OHSS by strengthening spleen and tonifying kidney,removing dampness and preventing miscarriage has excellent curative effect.