Objective: To review the latest developments in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Method: Literature review Results: The treatment of AMD is rapidly evolving. New developments in the biophysical, biochemical and clinical sciences and greater understanding of the pathophysiology of AMD are being used to produce new treatment strategies Conclusion: While several promising novel treatment approaches are being developed for the treatment of AMD, treatment recommendations should be based on results of well-designed randomized clinical trials.
Human ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; LITERATURE REVIEW ; RADIOTHERAPY ; LASER SURGERY

Objective: To report the efficacy and safety of intravitreal pegaptanib sodium (IVP) on macular edema (ME) due to branch retinal-vein occlusion (BRVO) among patients intolerant to intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA). Methods: Four eyes with ME due to BRVO were included in this interventional case series. The main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and adverse effects. Results: There was a significant decrease in mean CMT from 524.50 ± 141.12 to 293.75 ± 130.75 microns (p = 0.009) after IVP injection. BCVA improved in all 4 eyes after IVP. Mean IOP after IVP was 13.60 ± 3.21. No ocular or systemic complications were observed. Conclusion IVP appears to be safe and effective in decreasing retinal thickness and improving VA in eyes with ME due to BRVO. IVP is a potential treatment for eyes that are intolerant to IVTA.
Macular Edema

Objectives: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of an angle-supported phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) for the treatment of moderate to high myopia. Methods : This is a case series of 13 eyes of 8 patients with moderate to high myopia that underwent implantation of an acrylic, angle-supported PIOL. The main outcome measures were manifest refraction, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), endothelial-cell count (ECC), intraocular pressure (IOP), and adverse events. Results: The mean spherical equivalent (SE) improved from –11.79 ± 4.12 diopters (D) preoperatively to –0.08 ± 0.58 D postoperatively (p = 0.000), UCVA from 0.016 ± 0.015 to 0.79 ± 0.29 postoperatively (p = 0.000), and BCVA from 0.76 ± 0.33 to 0.86 ± 0.27 (p = 0.017). The ECC slightly decreased from 3033.57 ± 367.71 cells/mm2 preoperatively to 2947 ± 279.86 cells/mm2 (2.8% loss) postoperatively (p = 0.400). The mean preoperative IOP was 16.36 ± 3.53 mm Hg while the mean three-month postoperative IOP was 15.72 ± 4.15 mm Hg (p = 0.659). Two (15%) eyes experienced transient postoperative IOP rise on the day of the surgery, which resolved by postoperative day 1 using topical timolol maleate. The mean follow-up was 2.54 ± 1.39 months (range, 1 to 5 months). Conclusion Acrylic angle-supported phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) implantation is an effective and safe method of correcting moderate to high myopia.
Refractive Surgical Procedures

Purpose: This study compared the safety outcomes of two intracameral fluoroquinolone antibiotics, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin, as prophylaxis treatment in eyes that underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery. Methods: This is a prospective, double-masked, randomized, interventional, single-center clinical trial. Eyes with visually-significant cataracts underwent phacoemulsification and received preservative-free intracameral 0.5% moxifloxacin [58 eyes (M group)] or 0.5% levofloxacin [56 eyes (L group)] at the end of the surgery as antibiotic prophylaxis. The following safety parameters were evaluated postoperatively at Day 1, Week 1 and Month 1: central retinal thickness (CRT), macular volume (MV), central corneal thickness (CCT), and endothelial cell density (ECD). In-between group comparison was made at each of the 4 study visits using Student’s t-test. Results: Both M and L groups had similar baseline characteristics. There were no significant differences in CRT, MV, CCT and ECD between the 2 groups at each time point in the study. There were no significant differences in the mean changes in CRT, MV, CCT and ECD from baseline to final visit between the 2 groups. No study-related adverse events were observed during the study period. Conclusion Intracameral application of preservative-free 0.5% moxifloxacin and 0.5% levofloxacin appear to have similar safety outcomes when used as antibacterial prophylaxis among eyes undergoing cataract surgery. Based on the results, both fluoroquinolone agents are potentially suitable options for endophthalmitis chemoprophylaxis.
Levofloxacin ; Moxifloxacin ; Fluoroquinolones