In microbiology, PCR was applied very early and widely step by step to diagnose the etiology of the infection. Especially in case of the culture of microorganism was unsuccessfully implemented or is very difficult or patient used the antibiotic before admission because PCR can be implemented in the dead microorganism. PCR contributes to verify more correctly.
microbiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

The Biomedical Laboratory Center of Hanoi Medical University was established in January 17th 1997 and comprises 4 small labors: the functional tests; biochemical; immunology and genetic. According to its functions and tasks, the labor has human resources with the high technical and scientific levels. This resource originated from the faculties of Hanoi Medical University. This is an activity pattern which is suitable and convenient for staffs and students in the university.
Technology Assessment, Biomedical ; Laboratories

Background:Resistance to antibiotics due to extended \ufffd?spectrum \ufffd?Lactamase (ESBL) which increased quickly, made treatment much more difficult. However, this matter was not enough to be concerned in our country. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of ESBL producing among clinical isolates of E.coli, K.pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp and the classification of ESBLs gene by PCR. Subjects and method: 663 strains, including 248 E.coli, 393 K.pneumoniae, 22 Enterobacter spp, isolated from patients in Viet Tiep hospital (Hai Phong), Bach Mai and Pediatric hospital (Ha Noi). ESBLs were detected using modified double \ufffd?disc method. The classification of ESBLs producing strains was implemented by PCR. Results:the percentage of ESBL producing in E.coli, K.pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp is 20.2; 18.3 and 36.4%, respectively. The ESBLs producing strains were co \ufffd?resistant to most of the tested antibiotics. These strains were prevalent in intensive care units (sputum or respiratory fluid samples). TEM, SHV, CTX \ufffd?M, OXA were 87.7; 62.3; 24.6 and 12.3%, respectively. They were detected alone or in combination in the same strain. Conclusion: The rate of ESBLs producing strains is high. ESBLs were marker for multi \ufffd?drug resistance. TEM and SHV type ESBLs are most prevalent in the tested strains.
beta-Lactamases ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Enterobacter ; Escherichia coli ;

Background: Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta \r\n', u'cells of the pancreas that permits glucose to enter cells and \r\n', u'helps the body use glucose for energy. Insulin controls the \r\n', u'amount of glucose in the blood. Insulin is produced by recombinant protein technology. Expression of human proinsulin is the first step to express insulin. Objectives:To express successfully human proinsulin gene in pET 28a vector and E.coli BL21 (DE3). Subjects and method: Human proinsulin gene was applied from human pencreas cDNA by PCR using specific PINS primer pairs which contained sites for BamH I, Xho I. Proinsulin gene was cloned into pET 28a (+) vector to form recombinant vector pET 28a-PINS then transformed into E.coli BL21 (DE3) host strain to make pET 28a-PINS/ BL21 (DE3) clone. The clone was cultured and induced by IPTG (1mM). Recombine protein was analysed by SDS-PAGE. Results: Expression vector pET 28a-PINS was constructed successfully. Proinsulin protein expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) was purified by ProPond-Resin (Amersham). Conclusion: Human proinsulin was produced successfully using pET 28a-PINS/ BL21 (DE3) system.\r\n', u'
Proinsulin/ pharmacology ; pharmacokinetics ; Escherichia coli

Background: Can Gio mangrove forest is bio-diversified area. There is few studies on medical arthropod in Can Gio mangrove forest until now. Objective: To study bio-diversified feature and identify species with disease transmitting role. Subject and Method: In 2007, medical arthropod surveys were conducted at 3 sites located in the natural conserve zone- Can Gio mangrove forest. A cross-sectional study was used. Results and Conclusions: A total of samples of 6178 individuals of medical arthropod belonging to 65 species have been collected, including 3 species of flea (Siphonaptera), 1 species of ticks (Ixodidae), 6 species of chiggers (Trombiculidae), 6 species of mites (Gamasoidea), 25 species of flies (Muscoidea) and 24 species of mosquitoes (Culicidae). They belong to 37 genus, 17 families, 3 orders (Siphonaptera, Acarina and Diptera), and 2 classes (Insecta and Arachnida). 20 species having epidemiological role were found in Can Gio mangrove forest. The rate of Anopheles epiroticus biting human at night indoor, outdoor and daytime indoor is rather high, especially at the end of dry season at centre of the forest.
Mangrove forest ; medical arthropod ; species ; genus

Raw or undercooked fish dishes are the major sources of human infection of fishborne trematodes (FBT) and the situation of metacercarial infection in fish greatly affect the prevalence in humans, especially those fish that are commonly used for raw consumption. To investigate the situation of infection with metacercaria of FBT in fish often used to prepare raw fish dishes by local people to assess the risk of infection to humans in Ninh Binh province, Vietnam. 345 fish belonging to five species of freshwater and one species of brackish water fish were collected from fishermen or small-scale fish dealers in Kim Son and Yen Khanh districts, Ninh Binh province between May 2017 and May 2018. Metacercaria of FBT was discovered by pepsin and hydrochloric acid digestion techniques and identified by the morphological and molecular analysis. Among examined fish, 44.06% infected with FBT metacercaria and the highest prevalence was in Cyprinus carpio (86.54%), Ctenopharyngodon idellus (78.43%) and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (66.67%) while Konosirus punctatus – the brackish water fish – were free from infection. Three species of FBT were found; namely Haplorchis pumilio (accounting for 99.84% of collected metacercariae), Haplorchis taichui and Clonorchis sinensis. The average density was 1.06 metacercariae per gram of freshwater fish and the highest number was of C. idellus (6.38 cysts/gram) followed by Cirrhinus molitorella and C. carpio. Results of the study show the high prevalence of infection of FBT metacercariae among freshwater fish often used to prepare raw fish dishes in Ninh Binh province. These findings suggest the need for greater awareness of the risk from raw fish dishes among public health authorities and people.