Author had already reported that urinary excretions of several electrolytes of rural Korean measured in late 1970`s were different with that of the 1960`s. This study was carried out to evaluate the difference of daily urine volume, urinary excretions of sodium and potassium between urban and rural residents in Korea. 20 urban and 28 rural residents were selected arbitrarily and the surface areas of both group didn`t show any difference. 24 hour urines were collected and sodium and potassium concentrations were analyzed by means of flame photometry. Followings were the results. 1. Daily urine volume urban residents: 1578.75 461.92 ml/day, rural residents: 1582.14 417.91 ml/day 2. Daily urinary sodium excretion urban residents: 223.95 109.61 mEq/day, rural residents: 219.68 65.60 mEq/day 3. Daily urinary potassium excretion urban residents: 75.44 28.00 mEq/day, rural residents: 49.52 14.95 mEq/day Above results reveal that daily urine volume and urinary excretion of sodium of urban residents are within the range of rural residents, while daily urinary potassium excretion of urban are much higher than that of rural one. In addition, the ratio of K/Na of urban residents is also much higher than that of rural residents and than that of 1960`s, although the ratio was still lower than those of Westerns.
Diet ; Electrolytes ; Korea ; Photometry ; Potassium* ; Sodium*

Author had already reported that urinary excretions of several electrolytes of rural Korean measured in late 1970`s were different with that of the 1960`s. This study was carried out to evaluate the difference of daily urine volume, urinary excretions of sodium and potassium between urban and rural residents in Korea. 20 urban and 28 rural residents were selected arbitrarily and the surface areas of both group didn`t show any difference. 24 hour urines were collected and sodium and potassium concentrations were analyzed by means of flame photometry. Followings were the results. 1. Daily urine volume urban residents: 1578.75 461.92 ml/day, rural residents: 1582.14 417.91 ml/day 2. Daily urinary sodium excretion urban residents: 223.95 109.61 mEq/day, rural residents: 219.68 65.60 mEq/day 3. Daily urinary potassium excretion urban residents: 75.44 28.00 mEq/day, rural residents: 49.52 14.95 mEq/day Above results reveal that daily urine volume and urinary excretion of sodium of urban residents are within the range of rural residents, while daily urinary potassium excretion of urban are much higher than that of rural one. In addition, the ratio of K/Na of urban residents is also much higher than that of rural residents and than that of 1960`s, although the ratio was still lower than those of Westerns.
Diet ; Electrolytes ; Korea ; Photometry ; Potassium* ; Sodium*

In recent years, fiber photometry has been widely used in the field of neuroscience as an important technique for recording the activity of neurons in the specific nuclei of freely moving animal. This review summarized the application of single-channel, multi-channel, and multi-color fiber photometry techniques in the neuroscience research of cognition, behavior, psychology and neurological diseases. In addition, it briefly introduced the applications of fiber photometry combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging technology, and fiber photometry combined with probe technology in the neuroscience research.
Animals ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurons ; Photometry

Serum consists of water (93% of serum volume) and nonaqueous components, mainly lipids and proteins (7% of serum volume). Sodium is restricted to serum water. In states of hyperproteinemia or hyperlipidemia, there is an increased mass of the nonaqueous components of serum and a concomitant decrease in the proportion of serum composed of water. Thus, pseudohyponatremia results because the flame photometry method measures sodium concentration in whole plasma. A sodium-selective electrode gives the true, physiologically pertinent sodium concentration because it measures sodium activity in serum water. Whereas the serum sample is diluted in indirect potentiometry, the sample is not diluted in direct potentiometry. Because only direct reading gives an accurate concentration, we suspect that indirect potentiometry which many hospital laboratories are now using may mislead us to confusion in interpreting the serum sodium data. However, it seems that indirect potentiometry very rarely gives us discernibly low serum sodium levels in cases with hyperproteinemia and hyperlipidemia. As long as small margins of errors are kept in mind of clinicians when serum sodium is measured from the patients with hyperproteinemia or hyperlipidemia, the present methods for measuring sodium concentration in serum by indirect sodium-selective electrode potentiometry could be maintained in the clinical practice.
Electrodes ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Laboratories, Hospital ; Photometry ; Plasma ; Potentiometry ; Sodium ; Water

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of head posture obtained by registering outer canthus as a soft tissue landmark with the Outer Canthus Indicator (OCI). METHODS: Twenty-one adults with normal facial morphology were enrolled in this study (mean age 27.5 +/- 1.72 years). To register initial head posture, height of the outer canthus from the ear rod plane was measured using OCI. Head posture was reproduced by moving the head upwards and downwards until the outer canthus was in a straight line with the indicator set at a registered height. After the head posture is reproduced by two operators after two days, lateral photographs were taken. Computerized photometric analyses of the photographs were performed. RESULTS: The head rotations around the transverse axis were 0.69 +/- 0.43degrees, 0.98 +/- 0.65degrees from each of the two operators. Standard errors were 0.09degrees and 0.14degrees each, which were similar to results from past research findings. There were no significant differences between the data from the two operators (p > 0.05). There were no correlations between the head rotation around the horizontal and vertical axes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that OCI-registered head posture may minimize errors from vertical head rotation in cephalometry and photometry.
Adult ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Cephalometry ; Ear ; Head ; Humans ; Photometry ; Posture

In the method for lithium (Li) analysis, flame emission photometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) have been used most frequently. In addition, lithium can be analyzed by ion-selective electrode (ISE) or fluorscence polarization immunoassay. We evaluated the comparison between AAS method based on the principle of absorption of light at 670.8 nm by Li and ISE method based on the principle of voliage difference generated by Li in contact with lithium ionophore. We compared with those obtained by AAS (AA/AE Spectrophotometer 551, Instrumentation Laboratory Co.) and ISE (SYNCHRON EL-ISE, Beckman Co.) in the serum and urine of 6 pati,,:nts- and evaluated time-related changes of serum lithium concentration after dosing in both methods. The results are summarized-as follows: 1. In within-run precision study for lithium concentration, coefficient variations (CVs, %) ranged from 1.34 to 2.17 for AAS and from 0.34 to 0.85 for ISE method. In between-run precision study for lithium concentration, CVs ranged from 1.23 to 1.72 for AAS and from 0.61 to 1.38 for ISE method. 2. The correlation study between AAS and ISE method resulted in Y= 0.946X+ 0.137 (N = 32, r= 0. 933, X= AAS, Y= ISE) for serum lithium and Y= 1. 092X+ 0. 977 (N= 28, r= 0.943, X= AAS, Y= ISE) for urine lithium. 3. Time-related changes of serum lithium concentration in both AAS and ISE method resulted in peak serum levels about 2 hours after dosing and then rapidly decreased after the peak serum level and finally arrived at nearly initial levels about 9 hours after dosing. 4. The reference range of serum lithium was found as undetectable level for both AAS and ISE method and the reference range of urine lithium to the urine creatinine was 0 0.00014 mmol/mg(mean 0.00002 mmol/mg) for AAS method.
Absorption ; Creatinine ; Immunoassay ; Ion-Selective Electrodes ; Lithium* ; Photometry ; Reference Values ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic ; Statistics as Topic

Daily excretions of sodium, potassium and urea nitrogen and urine volume of normal Korean were reported by several authors. However, it is generally suspected that dietary composition of Koreans improved during last decade. Author have hypothetized that changes of diet composition could modify urine compositions and volume. In order to determine the urine composition and volume in the late 1970`s, sodium and potassium concentrations were measured by flame photometry and urea nitrogen by urease indophenol method in the urine from 50 rural residents. The residents were composed of 10 public officials, 18 male farmers and 22 female farmers. Followings were the results: 1. Daily urine volume Total average : 1594.20+/-443.89 ml/day, Public official : 1714.00+/-548.00 ml/day Male farmer :1508.89+/-310. 54ml/day, Female farmer: 1612.27+/-496.04 ml/day 2. Daily urinary sodium excretion Total average : 5.19+/-1.21 g/day. Public official : 5.62+/-1.93 g/day Male farmer : 4.73+/-1.10 g/day, Female farmer: 5.37+/-0.98 g/day 3. Daily urinary potassium excretion Total average : 1.79+/-0.59 g/day, Public official : 1.97+/-0.60 g/day Male farmer : 1.91+/-0.59 g/day, Female farmer : 1.62+/-0.58 g/day 4. Daily urinary urea nitrogen excretion Total average : 7.26+/-l.95 g/day, Public official : 8.06+/-1.65 g/day Male farmer: 7.53+/-2.40 g/day. Female farmer : 6.67+/-1.65 g/day A comparison of these data with corresponding figures obtained from Western reporters indicate that the concentration and excretion of sodium of rural Koreans are still higher significantly, while those of potassium and urea nitrogen are lower than those of Westerns significantly. On the other hand, a comparison with corresponding figures obtained from other Korean reporters in the 1960's indicate that sodium excretion of present data is lower while potassium and urea nitrogen are higher than those of the 1960's. It is speculated that these peculiarities of urinary composition shown in rural Koreans in the late 1970's are attributed to improved protein ingestion combined with decreased salt intake as compared to 1960's, however, the levels are still far from Westerns.
Diet ; Eating ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Indophenol ; Male ; Nitrogen* ; Photometry ; Potassium* ; Sodium* ; Urea* ; Urease

This report is a study on metabolic responses of selected forty-five head injured patients which were admitted to neurosurgical department of Woo Sok Hospital C.H. from January to August 70. The study was undertaken in an attempt to establish the basis for electrolyte or water support to head injury patients. All patients were classified into five groups according to severity of head injury. Authors studied on sodium, choloride and potasium of serum and urine at 24, 48, and 72hrs. N.P.O. in each group, and also considered the factors and mechanism, inducing hyponatremia of head injury patients, by virtue of count of either dilution or concentration of inorganic acid and protein anion which were mainly depend on water content of blood. The electrolytes were measured by the EEL flame photometry and chloride was measured by the Schales method. The characteristic of metabolic responses in electrolytes of each group are as following the results obtained. The persistent metabolic responses of head injured patients were found as mild to moderated hyponatremia compare with other site injured one and which were also depended on the severity of heed injury, acuteness of its onset the presence or absence of brain parenchymal destruction and brain swelling. The inducing factors of hyponatremia would be considered as follows: 1) Water retention. 2) Renal Na loss. 3) Intracellular Na migration from blood.
Brain ; Brain Edema ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Eels ; Electrolytes* ; Head* ; Humans ; Hyponatremia ; Photometry ; Sodium ; Virtues ; Water*

Neonatal jaundice is a common neonatal disease. Severe jaundices lead to kernicterus that affects intellectual development of infants or even causes death. Timely and early prediction is vital to the treatment and prevention. This paper presents a jaundice predictor, which uses C8051F020 as the core of single-chip microcomputer (SCM) system with prediction algorithms proven by a large number of clinical trials. The jaundice predictor can reduce the incidence rate of jaundice, alleviate the condition of infants with jaundice, improve the quality of perinatal, with predicting pathologic neonatal jaundice effectively and calling attention to the prophylactic treatment. In addition, compared with the existing transcutaneous jaundice meters, the new predictor has a smaller size, a lighter weight, more user-friendly, and easier to use by hand-holding.
Algorithms ; Bilirubin ; blood ; Equipment Design ; methods ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Jaundice, Neonatal ; blood ; diagnosis ; Microcomputers ; Photometry ; methods

OBJECTIVE: To determine the range of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) levels in healthy Filipino adults using both the MPS II and the macuscope and to investigate whether age and sex were related to inter-subject variations in MPOD.

METHODS: This was a prospective, cross sectional study of 168 healthy Filipino patients who underwent heterochromic filter photometry to measure macular pigment levels using the MPS II and the macuscope. The MPOD levels were averaged per age group and analyzed as to variations among age and gender.

RESULTS: One hundred thirty (130) and thirty-eight (38) patients underwent MPS II and macuscope testing respectively. The mean MPOD level for MPS II was 0.39(±0.16) and for macuscope 0.27(±0.07). MPOD values were similar across all age groups and gender, but they were lower when measured with the macuscope.

CONCLUSIONS: MPOD levels measured among healthy Filipino adults were lower with the macuscope compared to the MPS II. These differences should take into consideration the differences in apparatus and techniques of measurement.