After conserving by AS-T solution for 42 days, 95% of erythrocytes were remained in good condition and the HGB and HCT indices were still in normal range. Comparison with another erythrocyte conserving solution made by Terumo (Japan) showed that the erythrocytes conserved by AS-T solution were not significant different not only at the beginning but also by 42 days of experiment.
Erythrocytes ; Research ; Solutions ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

Treating the health problems of the community will treat those of the family. Juan de la Cruz and his son can be made well after proper treatment of their diarrhea, but adequate, proper and continuing management of the environmental problems of Barangay Jose Abad Santos (JAS), related to the development of disease, would be the more lasting solution to this important and common community health problem.

Diarrhea ; Nuclear Family ; Pharmaceutical Solutions ; Public Health ; Solutions

The effect of buffer system, adjustment substance pH, pH of solution, antioxygen and antiseptic on the stability of eye drop solution with vitamin B5 was studied. The result: at pH 5,5, buffer system of acetat, of citrat and of phosphat strictly influence to the stability of eye drop solution containing vitamin B5. This solution also sustained with antioxygen dinatri edetat 0,02%, combining with natri metabisulfid 0,1% -0,3% don’t make increase the stability of product. The antiseptic of benzalkonium clorid and chlorobutanol don’t influence to the stability of this solution. But benzalkonium clorid is appropriate than chlorobutanol because of it don’t absorb through PE plastic, the antiseptic efficacy increase with the presence of dinatri edetat and this make increase the bioavailability of drug
Ophthalmic Solutions ; Pantothenic Acid ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

Although lung transplantation (LTx) has been established as a therapeutic approach for end-stage respiratory failure, several problems remain to be solved. In addition to the serious problem of donor shortage, primary graft failure, which is mostly caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury, a serious problem, and represents one of the most frequent causes of early mortality. The development of a highly reliable organ preservation solution that reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury will improve the functioning of transplanted organs and alleviate the donor shortage. We first evaluated the importance of saccharides and electrolytes in the lung preservation solution. We proved the superiority of trehalose, a non-reducing disaccharide, and the efficiency of the extracellular-type (low potassium) ion composition, and we also developed an extracellular-type trehalose containing Kyoto (ET-Kyoto) solution. Furthermore, several agents for vascular endothelial protection were evaluated, and finally, a more effective solution named "new ET-Kyoto solution" was developed, by adding N-acetylcysteine, dibutyryl adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate, and nitroglycerin to the "conventional" ET-Kyoto solution. The new ET-Kyoto solution enabled canine LTx to last up to 30 hours. ET-Kyoto solution has so far been used and produced good results in five clinical LTx throughout Japan and South Korea. Although it was initially developed for lung preservation, its effectiveness in the preservation of various organs/ tissues, such as the trachea, kidney, skin/muscle flap, amputated digits, liver, and pancreas, has also been experimentally and clinically shown. In this paper, clinical and experimental findings with ET-Kyoto solution have been accumulated to further analyze its effect, safety, and chemical stability. We hope to provide ET-Kyoto solution as the standard organ/tissue preserving solution throughout the world.
Animals ; Humans ; Japan ; *Organ Preservation Solutions ; *Technology, Pharmaceutical ; *Universities

Human ; Male ; Adult ; Pharmaceutical Solutions ; Tinea Pedis ; Tea Tree Oil

Rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS), a new technology, has been developed in the recent years. Fundamental principle of RESS technology used to prepare fine pharmacal particles was summarized in this paper. A brief review of factors which influenced the process of RESS and application of RESS technology were introduced.
Crystallization ; methods ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Nanostructures ; Particle Size ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Solutions ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; instrumentation ; methods ; Temperature

Fluorescence enhancement reaction of flavoxate hydrochloride (FX) in strong alkali solution was studied, the mechanism of the reaction was investigated, and a novel fluorimetric method for analysis of FX in drug sample was established. FX has no intrinsic fluorescence, but it can slowly produce fluorescence in strong alkali solution. Heating can promote the fluorescence enhancement reaction. In 3D fluorescence spectra of the decomposition product of FX, two fluorescence peaks, located respectively at excitation wavelengths λex/ emission wavelength λem =223/410 nm, and 302/410 nm, were observed. Using quinine sulfate as a reference, fluorescence quantum yield of the decomposition product was measured to be 0.50. The structural characteriza- tion and spectral analysis of the decomposition product reveal that ester bond hydrolysis reaction of FX is firstly occurred during heating process, forming 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid (MFA), then a cleavage reaction of the γ-pyrone ring of MFA occurred, producing α, β-unsaturated ketone. This product includes adjacent hydroxyl benzoic acid group in its molecule, which can form intramolecular hydrogen bond under alkaline condition, so that increase the conjugate degree and enhance the rigidity of the molecule, and thereby cause fluorescence enhancement. Based on this fluorescence enhancement reaction, a fluorimetric method was proposed for the determination of FX. A linear calibration curve covered the concentration range 0.020 3-0.487 µg · mL. The regression equation was I(F) = 23.9 + 5357.3 c, with correlation coefficient r = 0.999 7 (n = 8), detection limit D = 1.1 ng · mL(-1). The method was applied to the analysis of FX tablets, with a spiked recovery rate of 100.2%. The reliability of the method was verified by a UV-spectrophotometric method.
Alkalies ; Calibration ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Flavoxate ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Fluorescence ; Limit of Detection ; Reproducibility of Results ; Solutions ; Tablets

OBJECTIVETo investigate the possibility of selectively detoxifying aristolochic acids in Aristolochiae manshuriensis (Guanmutong) by the chemical properties of aristolochic acids and traditional Chinese processing experience.

METHODThe technical parameters in processing technique of A. manshuriensis were optimized by orthogonal designed methods with aristolochic acid A.

RESULTThe processing technique was soaked in 0.1 mol x L(-1) baking soda for several times and then processing with vinegar. Temperature was important factor to detoxify aristolochic acids. aristolochic acid A were removed over 90% from A. manshuriensis in laboratory and over 80% in medium-scale production by 10 batches from two origins of botanical drugs with different contents, and decreased to 0.35-0.60 mg x g(-1) in processed products. aristolochic acid A existed mostly salt-forms in the botanical drug.

CONCLUSIONMost toxic components in Guanmutong could be removed by the new processing method.

Acetic Acid ; Aristolochia ; chemistry ; Aristolochic Acids ; analysis ; Hot Temperature ; Pharmaceutical Solutions ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sodium Bicarbonate ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Temperature

The aim of study was to evaluate the function of modified platelet additive solution (PAS-IIIM) with trehalose as a substitute of plasma for the storage of platelet concentrates at low temperature (10 degrees C). Apheresis platelets from 6 donors were divided and added with different media (group A: 100% plasma; group B: 70% PAS-IIIM/30% plasma; group C: 100% plasma/trehalose). Groups A, B, C were stored at 10 degrees C, 22 degrees C and -85 degrees C separately. In addition, group D (platelet concentrates stored with 100% plasma at 4 degrees C) was set up as control group for scan electronmicroscopy. The samples of each platelets were collected on day 0, 1, 5, 7 and 9 after storage respectively, while samples of platelets stored at -85 degrees C (group C) were collected on day 20 after storage. CD62p, hypotonic shock response (HSR), platelet aggregation, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and morphology of platelets were evaluated. The results showed that the expressions of CD62p in groups A and B increased in a time-dependent manner, but HSR and platelet aggregations decreased. The expression of CD62p, LDH release, and platelet aggregation in group A were significant higher than that in group B (p < 0.05). HSR in group A was significant lower than that in group B (p < 0.05). LDH release was significant high in samples of group C and the expression of CD62p was lower than that in other two groups (p < 0.05). It is concluded that the protective effects of 70% PAS-IIIM/30% plasma (10 degrees C) and plasma platelets (22 degrees C) on morphology of platelets are similar, but better than those of plasma platelets (4 degrees C) and plasma/trehalose (-85 degrees C). In short, PAS-IIIM serves as a good substitute of plasma for platelet storage, and protects the chilled platelets.
Blood Platelets ; drug effects ; Blood Preservation ; methods ; Cold Temperature ; Humans ; Pharmaceutical Solutions ; pharmacology ; Platelet Aggregation ; Platelet Count ; Platelet Transfusion

OBJECTIVE: To reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the application of isobaric and hyperbaric local anesthetic in spinal anesthesia so as to provide reference for clinical practice. METHODS: One hundred and sixty ASA patients (physical status I - II) undergoing lower abdominal surgery within 3 hours under spinal anesthesia (using CSEA technique via spinal needle in epidural needle) were allocated to 2 groups with 80 cases each. In lateral decubitus, patients randomly received a subarachnoid injection of 3.0 mL (15 mg) isobaric (Group I) or hyperbaric (Group H) bupivacaine and then turned supine. Hemodynamic changes and patients' responses were perioperatively observed. After subarachnoid injection, we recorded the time of onset and motor block, the peak sensory blocked level, the time of regression of 2 dermatomes, the time of the first administration of analgesics for a significant pain of the incision, the time of the regression of motor block to modified Bromage scale 2, and the time of recuperating the function of urination. RESULTS: Both isobaric and hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine solutions in a volume of 3.0 mL provided effective sensory and motor block for the operations. The time of onset and complete motor block were similar in the two groups. Compared with Group I, the time of peak sensory block in Group H was shorter, the peak sensory block level was higher (more maximal dermatomes of blocked sensory nerves), the time of regression of sensory and motor block were shorter, the time of recuperating the function of urination was longer, and the incidence of feeling sick, nausea, vomiting and hypotension was higher. CONCLUSION Isobaric solution is superior to hyperbaric solution in spinal anesthesia.
Aged ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; methods ; Anesthetics, Local ; Bupivacaine ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Block ; Pharmaceutical Solutions ; Sensation