A survey has been carried out at 36 communes from 9 provinces represented for the whole country from January to March 1996 in order to evaluate the drug sale, the drug management in commune health stations and in private pharmacies. The results indicate that there are also many limitations and weaknesses in performance of certain regulations of MOH. The authors have proposed some procedures to improve these limitations.
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Residence Characteristics

Each PDE have isogenies (PDE 4A, PDE 4B, PDE 4C, and PDE 4D), which had different level in tissues. A cell can contain one or more DPE type. When agent (or drug) specifically and inhibited isoenzym, it will have specific effect on proteinkinase. The PDE4 and PDE3/4 compound inhibitive drugs have effects at the same time to relax trachea and anti-inflammatory. Viagra is PDE5 selective inhibitor, more important than PDE 2-3-4 with 1000 times, PDE 1 with 80 times, PDE 6 and PDE 7 with 10 times. This agent have many in vessels and cavernosum corpus. It plays role of break dow GMPv, but it depends on NO.
Pharmaceutical Preparations ; antagonists & inhibitors

CoX-2 or prostaglandin GH synthetase-2 is an enzyme which has induction, especially in the inflamatory reactions. The inflamatory stimulations activate the CoX-2 of monocytes, macrophages, cells of synovial membrane to synthesize prostaglandin which induce the inflamatory reactions. The non- steroid anti- inflamatory drugs inhibit the CoX-2 so they have anti- inflamatory effects. However, they also inhibit CoX-1 which induce some side effects such as gastrointestinal and kidney accidents, haemorrhage and hypersensitivities. The selective CoX-2 inhibitors have some properties: long half elimination life, easier uptake by oral; the same pharmacokinetics in both elderly and children and uncommon side effects (0.1 -1% treated cases).
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors

The influence of some medications including medicaments originated plant on the liver and kidney functions and histologic changes in experiemental animal is carried out. The results shows that the liver and kidney function of rabit are not affected by the doses of 10-20 fold higher than clinical doses. Conclusion: These medications can be tried on the clinical at dose of less than 1.0 g/kg of bodyweight within 2 weeks with interval of 1- 2 weeks.
Toxicity ; Cerebrovascular Disorders

Effects of aqueous extracts from the root of Morinda sp. were studied on liver injury induced by a high dose of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in rats. The results showed that the extract had a hepatoprotective effect at a dose of 10g/kg of body weight. The effect was similar to that of silymarin at a dose of 25mg/kg of body weight in terms of AST, ALT activities, total serum cholesterol and protein concentrations as well as macro-and microscopic histological studies of the liver.
Liver ; Acetaminophen ; Biochemistry ; animal experimentation

Objectives: To evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of these herbal medicines' on normal mice. Methods: the ethanol extracts of these plants have been introduced intraperitoneally to mice with the dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight. The blood glucose levels were determined by one - touch glucose meter at just (0h) before and at 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h and conclusion after drug administration. Results: Lycium sinense Mill lowered the glycemia by more than 30% in comparison to that of initial level. Separia dulcis, however, caused hyperglycemia (+ 62%) at the first hour then at the 3rd and 4th hour the blood glucose was diminished with>30%. Atractylodes macrocephala did not lower the glycemia.
Hypoglycemic Agents ; Blood Glucose ; Mice

Cisplatin was intravenously injected at the dose of 0.2 mg/kg (equivalent to 1/10 of the maximum non-toxicating dose in mice) four 5-day episodes with the interval of 5 days caused a slight increase in the serum creatinine and urea levels. Similar effects were also observed when cisplatin was IV administered at 0.3 mg/kg/24h for two 5-day episodes with the interval of 10 days. Other mild side effects towards liver and some organs were also observed in about 50% of the mice population. Most of the side effects significantly subdued in both groups 15 days after stopping drug, except damages in hepatic histology, which recovered more slowly
Cisplatin ; Cisplatin/toxicity ; Liver ; Kidney

Primary study showed hypoglycemic effect of gynostema pentaphyllum (GP) on mice. Objective: (I) To determine the hypoglycemic effect of (GP) and (2) To look for effective mechanism of GP on normal and diabetic mice and rats. Method: The ethanol extract of GP were introdiced to normal and pre diabetic & diabectic mice or rats. The blood glucose levels were measured at just (0h) before and at 2h, 4h and 6h after oral use or 1h, 2h and 3h after intraperitoneal use of GP. Results: On normal mice, 300 mg/kg-ip of GP decreased the blood glucose level with max. 33% at 3rd hour; 1500 mg/kg-po. with 20% at 6th hour; the dose of 500 mg/kg x 7 days consecutive decreased this level with 24%. On normal Wistar rats 500 mg/kg-po, diminished glycemia with max. 20% at 4th hour. But on genetic diabetic rats (GK rats), the doses 500 mg/kg-po, and 1000 mg/kg-po, decreased the blood glucose concentrations by 22% and 36%, respectively at the same time. In the glucose toleance test on mice the dose 1000 mg/kg-po, inhibited the hyperglycemic effect with 55% (after 30 minutes) and 63% (after 60 minutes) in comparison to control group. Conclusion: GP has the mild hypoglycemic effect on normal mouse/rat, but it causes more higher effect on mouse/rat having hyperglycemia. Thus, beside the insulin secreting stimulation, GP may sensitive the target tissues to insulin.
Tuberculosis, Rifampin

On rat, among 4 these herbal medicine plants, only Rehmania flutinosa does not decrease significantly the blood sugar level with the oral doses of 1000-1500 mg/kg body weight and with intraperitoneal doses of 200-300mg/kg. Oral use of Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Angiopteris evecta decreases blood sugar at the doses of 100-1.500mg/kg. Intraperitoneal use of the doses of 200-300mg/kg Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Angiopteris evecta and gynoitema pentaphyllum lower glycemia by above 25% in comparison with the pretreated level.
Hypoglycemic Agents ; Medicine, Herbal

Cryophylisat powder of ethanolic fluid extract of Smilax glabra with the oral dose of 1.25g and 2.5g/kg of body mass (5-10 times of active dose on hypoglycemic effect was administered in rabbit in 15-30 days continously. These doses did not influenced on the body mass, the hematologies indices as well as the functional indices of lever and kidney. However, in microscopic image, there are some degenerative mainfestations of low levels of liver cells among two groups using the studied preparation.
toxicity ; Rabbits ; Ethanol ; Plant Extracts ; rabbits