Objective To investigate the effect of early rehabilitation on rats' motor performance after moderate or severe experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods After adult Sprague-Dawley rats had received moderate or severe TBI,they were randomly assigned to either a 24 hour exercise group (group A),a 3-day exercise group (group B),a 7-day exercise group (group C) or a control group.Each group was composed of 8 rats.The exercise group endured forced treadmill training on an electric treadmill for 14 consecutive days initiated 24 hours,3 days or 7 days post TBI.The foot-fault and cylinder tests were performed on the 6th,12th,18th,24th and 28th day post injury.On the 28th day the rats were sacrificed and the brains were removed and frozen.The frozen coronal brain sections were stained with cresyl violet (CV) for quantitative evaluation of cortical lesion volume.Results The rats in groups B and C showed significant decreases in the percentage of left forelimb foot faults compared with the control group at the 18th,24th and28th day after injury.In addition,the rats of group C demonstrated significant decreases in the percentage of left forelimb foot-fault at the 12th day after injury.There was no significant difference between group A and the control group in terms of foot fault scores in any of the subsequent test sessions.In the cylinder test the forelimb use asymmetry scores of neither group A nor group B were significantly different from the control group.Group C showed marked locomotor asymmetry improvement at day 28 post-injury.There was no significantly different loss of hemispheric tissue between those groups.Conclusion After treadmill exercise for 14 consecutive days initiated at 3 or 7 days following moderate or severe TBI,rats' motor function improved.The cortical lesion volume was not associated with recovery of motor function.

Background:Small bowel capsule endoscopy(SBCE)has become a first-line procedure for examining small bowel diseases. Aims:To evaluate the diagnostic value of SBCE in patients with mid-gastrointestinal bleeding(MGIB). Methods:MGIB patients who underwent SBCE from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2014 at the Third People’s Hospital of Bengbu were enrolled. Diagnostic value of SBCE in MGIB was analyzed. Re-bleeding was followed up by outpatient visit and telephone. Results:Forty-four consecutive MGIB patients underwent SBCE procedures,the detection rate was 95. 5% and the positive rate was 65. 9% . Vascular abnormality(37. 9% ),inflammation(31. 0% )and tumor(20. 7% )were the three major etiology in SBCE positive patients. Follow-up results showed that re-bleeding rate in SBCE positive group was significantly higher than in non-positive group(41. 4% vs. 13. 3% ,P < 0. 05). Conclusions:Vascular abnormality is still the most major etiology of MGIB,meanwhile the proportions of inflammation and tumor are increasing. SBCE has a high detection rate and positive rate in initial screening of MGIB,and the risk of re-bleeding in patients with negative SBCE is low.

Objective: To determine the main components of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge (A. membranaceus, Huang Qi), Astragaloside IV (AIV) and Astragalus polysaccharides (AP), to characterize their properties, evaluate their in vivo efficacy, and to analyze drug diffusion using dissolving microneedle (DMN) technology in vivo. Methods: Respectively, AIV- and AP-loaded DMNs comprising chitosan (CTS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were prepared via dual-mold forming. Their morphology, mechanical properties, in vivo solubility, and skin irritation characteristics were tested. In vivo efficacy was assessed in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice, in vivo diffusion of AIV and AP by DMNs and conventional methods was compared, and the rheological properties of AIV-CTS-PVA and AP-CTS-PVA mixtures were measured. Results: Subcutaneous dissolution and absorption of AIV-CTS-PVA and AP-CTS-PVA microneedles (MNs) at low doses (50%–17% of intraperitoneal AIV injection and 12%–4% of intravenous AP injection) reduced the spleen index and acid phosphatase activity in immunosuppressed mouse models, increased the thymus index, and achieved equivalent or better systemic therapeutic effects. Compared with injections, AIV and AP achieved controllable solid-liquid conversion through delivery with CTS-PVA MNs, resulting in highly localized aggregation within 48 h, reducing the initial explosive effect of the drug, and achieving stable and slow drug release. Conclusion The present study enhances our understanding of the efficacy and remote effects of drug-loaded DMNs from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) perspective, thereby promoting the development of precise and efficient delivery of TCM and further expanding the drug-loading range and application scenarios for DMNs.

This study was aimed to search anti-platelet aggregation effectors from Gardenia jasminoides extract with the employment of platelet affinity extraction method coupled with HPLC, in order to provide pharmacological experi-mental evidences of the selected effectors to verify its feasibility. Under physiological conditions, washed rat platelets were added into G. jasminoides extract and then a mixture was gained. Consequently, some components from G. jas-minoides extract were combined to the platelets in the mixture while some were not owing to their special chemical structures and properties. Firstly, the uncombined components were washed off from the mixture. Secondly, the com-bined components in the leftover was washed down and collected, respectively, right after destroying the occupied platelets' structures. Thirdly, different collected eluents were analyzed, respectively, by HPLC established in the pre-vious work to search the effectors. Fourthly, pharmacological experiments were implemented for confirmation. The re-sults showed that dominant effective components from G. jasminoides extract acting on anti-platelet aggregation were identified as geniposide. Further evident was provided as well by pharmacological experiment that geniposide exhibit-ed significant inhibitory effect on anti-platelet aggregation in rats induced by ADP, rat tail collagen and thrombin(P< 0.01). It was concluded that the platelet affinity extraction-HPLC method proposed in this paper can be utilized to analyze the correlation of effectors from G. jasminoides extract and its pharmacological effects. Moreover, there are some correlations between screened chemical substances and their pharmacological effects.

OBJECTIVETo develop a GC-FID method for the determination of borneol concentration in rat plasma and to investigate the pharmacokinetics after injection of novel-Xingnaojing.

METHODNovel-Xingnaojing was injected via by caudal vein injection. The blood samples were collected by posterior orbital venous plexus approach at 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 20, 30, 45 min. The drug in plasma was extracted with ethyl acetate and then detected by GC-FID, octadecane was used as the internal standard. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the software of Kinetica.

RESULTThe calibration curve was good linear in the range of 1.67-16.67 mg x L(-1). The extraction recoveries of low, medium and high concentration were (92.81 +/- 1.11)%, (85.38 +/- 0.86)% and (84.58 +/- 0.58)%, respectivley. And the RSDs of within-day and between-day were below 3.00%. Plasma concentration of borneol was consistent with the two-compartment open model. The pharmacokinetic parameters were that the t1/2alpha was (1.18 +/- 0.20) min, the t1/2beta was (22.27 +/- 6.85) min, the C(max)(Calc) was (18.76 +/- 2.10) mg x L(-1), the MRT was (23.84 +/- 7.67) min(-1), and the AUC was (100.00 +/- 15.85) mg x min x L(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe GC-FID method developed can be applied to determination and pharmacokinetics. The borneol in novel-Xingnaojing is distributed and metabolized fast after being administrated.

Animals ; Bornanes ; pharmacokinetics ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Flame Ionization ; methods ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo study the characteristics of intestinal absorption of psoralen and isopsoralen of Xianlinggubao capsule, and compare the absorption of Xianlinggubao capsule prepared by different technologies.

METHODNon everted gut sac method was applied to investigate the influence of absorption sites and drug concentration on psoralen and isopsoralen absorption, which were determined by HPLC.

RESULTAlthough the absorption rate constants of psoralen and isopsoralen in duodenum were more than that in jejunum and ileum, there was no significance difference between them. The absorption rate constants of psoralen kept at the same level when the concentrations of drug solution were at middle and low level, while the absorption rate constant at high level was absolutely lower than them (P < 0.05). The results of isopsoralen were the same as psoralen's.

CONCLUSIONIntestinal absorption of psoralen and isopsoralen may be affected by the dissolution. The absorption rate constants of psoralen and isopsoralen in new Xianlinggubao capsules are higher. The absorptions of active components absorption has significant difference in different preparation processes of Xianlinggubao capsule.

Animals ; Capsules ; pharmacokinetics ; Drug Compounding ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Duodenum ; metabolism ; Ficusin ; pharmacokinetics ; Furocoumarins ; pharmacokinetics ; Ileum ; metabolism ; Intestinal Absorption ; Intestines ; metabolism ; Jejunum ; metabolism ; Rats

OBJECTIVETo establish a sensitive HPLC method for determining the concentrations of paeonol in rat plasma and to evaluate its pharmacokinetic characteristics.

METHODThe paeonol from eortex Moutan was distilled by the way of water-vapor. A single i.v. dose of 4 mg x kg(-1) paeonol injection was given to 5 health rats. Paeonol was separated on a Diamonsil -C18 column with methanol-water (60: 40)as mobile phase. The plasma concentrations of paeonol were determined and its pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and evaluated by using kinetica 4.0.

RESULTThe linear range of the method for paeonol was 0.204-20.4 mg x L(-1) and the determination limit was 0.204 mg x L(-1). The main pharmacokinetic parameters, such as AUC, MRT, C(max), Kel, t(1/2kel), after a single dose of paeonol injection were (111.88 +/- 14.44) mg x L(-1) x min(-1), (23.25 +/- 5.86) min, (8.99 +/- 0.84) mg x L(-1), (0.082 +/- 0.015) min(-1) and (8.73 +/- 1.54) min, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe HPLC method for determining paeonol concentration in plasma is simple, rapid, sensitive and suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.

Acetophenones ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo study pharmacokinetic of puerarin in rats following different methods of administration of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription.

METHODTongqiao Sanyu prescription was administered to rats by caudal vein injection, nasal administration and oral administration. Plasma samples were extracted with methanol and the plasma concentration of puerarin was analyzed by RP-HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability were calculated with Kinetica software.

RESULTThe main pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: AUC(0-infinity) of caudal vein injection was (787.99 +/- 70.44) mg x min x L(-1); AUC(0-infinity) of nasal administration was (376.56 +/- 93.93) mg x min x L(-1); AUC(0-infinity) and oral administration (The dose was decuple higher than that of caudal vein injection and nasal administration) was (491.18 +/- 110.64) mg x min x L(-1). The absolute bioavailability of puerarin was 47.78% by nasal administration and 6.23% by oral administration.

CONCLUSIONThe bioavailability of nasal administration is higher than oral administration significantly, this result can provide some scientific foundantion for the method of administration and the reform of dosage form of Tongqiao Sanyu prescription.

Animals ; Biological Availability ; Drug Administration Routes ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Isoflavones ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for determination of geniposide in Beagle dogs plasma by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and study the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of geniposide in Beagle dogs after oral administration Xingnaojing.

METHODTo determine the geniposide in Beagle dogs plasma by HPLC after oral administration or intravenous injection Xingnaojing, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the software of Kinetica.

RESULTThe good linearity range of geniposide was 1.24 - 158.88 mg x L(-1). The main pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration was as follows: Cmax (11.8 +/- 0.6) mg x L(-1), Tmax (52.0 +/- 4.5) min, AUC(1280.8 +/- 172.0) mg x min x L(-1), MRT(118.7 +/- 25.4) min, and these parameters after intravenous injection was follows: Cmax 107.4 +/- 6.3) mg x L(-1), AUC(7930.1 +/- 670.0) mg x min x L(-1), MRT(92.4 +/- 5.1) min. The bioavailability of geniposide in Beagle dogs after oral administration Xingnaojing was (6.46 +/- 0.87)%.

CONCLUSIONThe HPLC method had good applicability. The extract recovery, method recovery, intra-day precision and inter-day precision of the method were all met the requirements. The stability in conditions of room temperature and freeze-thaw cycle was good. The results indicated that the oral administration bioavailability of geniposide was in low degree.

Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dogs ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Iridoids ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics

Objective To study the rat pulmonary irritant of aerosol inhaled Tanreqing and Reduning injection .Methods Rats were devided into two groups for each medicine (low concentration group and high concentration group ) ,nebulized drug administration for seven days ,with the control group irrigated with saline ,and were sacrificed .Through bronchoalveolar lav-age ,excurrent bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was used for total protein determination and LDH vitality test to evaluate pulmonary toxicity of two medicines .Results The protein concentrations of two groups in low and high concentrations of Tan-reqing and Reduning respectively are (193 .78 ± 27 .74) ,(235.33 ± 50.41)μg/ml;(174 .02 ± 17 .82) ,(227 .27 ± 66 .03)μg/ml;LDH vitalities respectively are 1065 .21 ± 181 .76 ,1467 .33 ± 101 .87;307 .97 ± 47 .56 ,1377 .29 ± 566 .48 .By t-test ,compared with normal saline ,there was no significant effect among these five groups on protein concentration ,but these two medicine were able to improve LDH activity (P<0 .05) which was more obvious in high concentration group .When two medicines were in low concentration ,LDH activity was higher in Tanreqing group with statistical significance (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Aero-sol inhaled Tanreqing and Reduning injection in rats have some pulmonary irritation and potential safety hazard in this delivery w ay .