Galanin is a peptide with wide-ranging effects,especially within the central,peripheral nervous system and endocrine system.Many tumors of neuroendocrine origin,and also an increasing number of non-neuroendocrine cancers,have been shown to express galanin and/or its receptors.Expression of galanin peptide has been detected in pheochromocytoma,squamous cell carcinoma,pituitary adenoma,gastrointestinal cancers and so on.Galanin peptide plays an important role in tumori-genesis and progression of many kinds of tumors.Therefore,studying the roles of galanin and its receptors are helpful for diagnosis and treatment of tumors.

Stroke is a prevalent acute cerebrovascular disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality,which highly demand effective prevention and treatment strategies.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)is a novel type of antidiabetic drug that exerts hypoglycemic and weight loss effects on GLP-1 receptors.Additionally,GLP-1RA possess the potential to reduce infarction size and promote nerve recovery by inhibiting inflammation,oxidative stress,apoptosis,and improving blood-brain barrier permeability and other pathologies.This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the role of GLP-1 in stroke occurrence while also explores the underlying mechanisms by which GLP-1RA influences stroke pathogenesis.Furthermore,it briefly reviews the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-RA in managing stroke.

Objective:To explore the role and mechanism of exogenous active peptide spexin in regulating insulin resistance in adipose tissue.Methods:High-fat diet induced obesity model(DIO) mice and diabetic model(db/db) mice were given intraperitoneal injection of spexin(50 μg/kg) for 3 consecutive weeks, while each control group was given an equal volume of saline. After the intervention, the body weight, visceral fat weight and plasma biochemical indexes of the mice in each group were analyzed. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect mRNA levels of Krüppel-like transcription factor 9(KLF9), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α(PGC-1α) and glucose transporter 4(GLUT4); Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of KLF9, PGC-1α, GLUT4 and p-p38/p38 in adipose tissue.Results:Compared with DIO control mice, spexin-treated DIO mice showed a significant reduction in body weight ( P=0.043), adiposity ( P<0.001), glucose ( P<0.001), insulin ( P=0.008), HOMA-IR ( P<0.001) and elevation in glucose tolerance ( P=0.006) and insulin tolerance levels ( P=0.002). Compared with db/db control mice, spexin-treated db/db mice showed a significant reduction in body weight ( P<0.001), adiposity ( P<0.001), glucose ( P=0.041), insulin ( P=0.009), HOMA-IR ( P=0.007) and elevation in glucose tolerance ( P=0.008) and insulin tolerance levels ( P=0.031). In addition, the gene and protein levels of KLF9, PGC-1α and GLUT4 were significantly increased in the adipose tissue of spexin-treated DIO mice compared with DIO control mice [genes ( P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.005); proteins ( P=0.047, P=0.022, P=0.001)], while p-p38/p38 protein levels were significantly decreased in the adipose tissue of spexin-treated DIO mice compared with DIO control mice ( P=0.002). Moreover, the gene and protein levels of KLF9, PGC-1α and GLUT4 were significantly increased in the adipose tissue of spexin-treated db/db mice compared with db/db control mice [genes ( P<0.001, P<0.001, and P=0.005); proteins ( P=0.001, P=0.004, and P<0.001)], while p-p38/p38 protein levels were significantly decreased in the adipose tissue of spexin-treated db/db mice compared with db/db control mice ( P=0.001). Conclusion:These results suggested that spexin may play a role in ameliorating adipose tissue insulin resistance in DIO mice and db/db mice through regulating p38MAPK-mediated inflammation and KLF9-PGC-1α-GLUT4 pathway-mediated glucose uptake.

Objective To observe the effect of berberine on the expression of GLUT4 and PGC-1α in mice with insulin resistance,and to explore the molecular mechanism of berberine in improving insulin resistance.Methods Mice models with insulin resistance were established,and berberine was used by intragastric administration to detect blood glucose,insulin and insulin sensitivity.RT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of GLUT4 and mRNA of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle.Results Berberine significantly reduced blood sugar,increased insulin sensitivity,and promoted the expression of GLUT4 and PGC-1α in skeletal muscle.Conclusion Berberine can improve the expression of PGC-lo,promote the expression of GLUT4 and improve insulin resistance.

Objective To observe the effect of berberine on the expression of GLUT4 and PGC-1α in mice with insulin resistance,and to explore the molecular mechanism of berberine in improving insulin resistance.Methods Mice models with insulin resistance were established,and berberine was used by intragastric administration to detect blood glucose,insulin and insulin sensitivity.RT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of GLUT4 and mRNA of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle.Results Berberine significantly reduced blood sugar,increased insulin sensitivity,and promoted the expression of GLUT4 and PGC-1α in skeletal muscle.Conclusion Berberine can improve the expression of PGC-lo,promote the expression of GLUT4 and improve insulin resistance.

Objective To characterize the baseline status of Chinese diabetic patients based on data derived from Chinese cohort from SOLVETM study.Methods Patients with type 2 diabetes initiating basal insulin detemir at the decision of the physician were eligible for the study.Data on demographics,medical history,glycemic profile and treatment regimen at baseline were collected by physicians.Results A total of 3272 patients [female 42％,male 58％,mean age (56.2 ± 10.8) years] were included in the study.Their BMI was (25.3 ± 3.3) kg/m2.The duration of diabetes was 4.0 (0.1-27.0) years,and the duration of treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) was 3.0(0.0-20.2) years.The proportions of subjects with diabetic macro-and micro-vascular complications were 15.8％ (515 cases) and 27.1％ (866 cases),respectively.The hemoglobin Al c (HbAl c) at baseline was (8.33 ± 1.70) ％,and the fasting blood glucose (FPG) was (9.5 ± 2.6) mmol/L.Conclusions A large proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes remain in poor glycemic control,and the prevalence of diabetic complications is high,which requires optimal therapeutic strategy for the patients with suboptimal glycemic control.