Articular cartilage repair is limited. Current treatments for cartilage defect are less satisfactory, and rarely restore full function or return the tissue to its native normal state. The rise of tissue engineering holds great promise for the generation of functional cartilage tissue substitutes. The history of cartilage tissue engineering and highlights the applications and advantages of various kinds of scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering, such as native scaffolds, synthesis scaffolds, composite scaffolds and nanometer scaffolds had been introduced. But native scaffolds have weak strength and immunogenicity insufficiency, synthesis scaffolds degrade quickly, whose degrading products have cytotoxicity,which need further improvement. The application of superficial decoration overcomes the disadvantage of some scaffolds to an extend. Composite scaffolds possess the advantages of several scaffolds, it points out the direction of future scaffolds research. The development of Nanometer technique endows newly-synthesis scaffolds with nano-grade, thus it has some advantages and give a new way for the development of tissue engineering. At the end, the problems of these scaffolds, their trend of development and perspective studies were discussed.

Gender differences in fatigue, manifesting as female more prone to feel exhausted with lower muscle endurance, still remains unclear mechanism. Here, we investigated whether orosomucoid, an endogenous anti-fatigue protein which can enhance muscle endurance, is involved in this regulation. Female rats showed lower muscle endurance, and this gender difference was disappeared in orosomucoid 1-deficient mice. Female rats also displayed weaker orosomucoid induction in serum, liver and muscle in response to fatigue when compared to male ones. Ovariectomy in female rats results in elevated orosomucoid level and increased swimming time which was reversed by estrogen replenishment, while exogenous estrogen treatment both in male or female mice produced opposite effects. In vitro C2C12 muscle and Chang liver cells, estrogen decreased orosomucoid expression and its promoter activity, and this effect was abolished when estrogen receptor or MAPK was blocked. Thus, estrogen negatively regulates orosomucoid expression, which is responsible for the weaker muscle endurance in females.

Objective To investigate the effect of extracts from Periplaneta americana L.on reversing MDR in HepG2/ADM.Methods HepG2/ADM was induced by continuous stepwise exposer to ADM.To investigate the effect of extractive from Periplaneta americana L.on drug resistance-associated protein( P-gp、MRP、LRP和BCRP) by immunocytochemical method and RT-PCR method.Results HepG2/ADM cells to ADM shows a strong multiple drug resistance that is 10.4 times,For DDP,5-FU showed weak resistance.The extractive from Periplaneta americana L.can cut the expression of P-gp and MRP1 protein in HepG2/ADM from immunocytochemical method,and it has statistically significant.The extractive from Periplaneta americana L.can cut the expression of P-gp gene,and it has statistically significant.Conclusion The extract from Periplaneta americana L.can effectively reverse MDR in HepG2/ADM,which targets for P-gp and MRP1 protein and P-gp gene of HepG2/ADM cells.

OBJECTIVE:To design chinese unified bar code for drugs(BCD)with uniqueness and permenancy.METHO_ DS:Based on analysis of the status and problems of BCD used at present in China,the method and principle to standardize BCD were brought forward.RESULTS:The statistics indicated that most of the prescription drugs have no BCD labelled on the package and there is no unified drug identifying criterion adopted by pharmaceutical manufactures,therefore the depart?ment concerned should draw up unified BCD in China.CONCLUSION:Chinese unified BCD would be beneficial to scientific management of drugs and to ensure the safety of drug use.

OBJECTIVE:To survey and evaluate the current situation and developing trend of antibiotic/beta-lactamase inhibitor(BLI)preparations consumed.METHODS:The antibiotic/BLI preparations used in18hospitals of Chongqing in2001～2003were collected in respect to the compositions,dosage forms,specifications,drug name,manufacturers and sum of money for consumption,and the clinical application information was analysed.RESULTS:The sum of money for these antibi?otics/BLI consumed in the years2001,2002and2003were2229,2937and4119ten-thousand yuan(RMB),respectively,with an average annual increase rate of26.41%.Among them the consumption costs of antibiotics plus sulbactam,clavulanate and tazobactam were6280,2276and729ten-thousand yuan(RMB),accounting for67.64%,24.51%and7.85%of the total consumption sum,with an annual increase rates of32.20%,35.93%and94.50%,respectively.CONCLUSION:The consump?tion of the antibiotic/BLI preparations was increasing fast in these years and the more requirement for the antibiotic/BLI preparations by market would be expected in the future.

AIM:To study the isolation and identification of curdione from Zedoary oil. METHODS: Silica column was adopted to isolate constituents from Zedoary oil;IR,GC/MS and NMR methods were used to identify its structure. RESULTS: Three constituents were isolated from Zedoary oil,including crystal C_1,C_2 and C_3.Crystal C_1 was identified to be curdione and curdione content in Zedoary oil was 11.31%. CONCLUSION: This method is simple and convenient and it can be used to isolate more quantity of curdione for further pharmaceutical study.

OBJECTIVE:To survey and evaluate the present situation and trends o f fluoroquinolones(FQNs) used in hospitals in four provinces,southwest district of China,during the period 2000～2002 METHODS:FQNs used in 51 hospitals in 4 provinces(cities) were analyzed statistically in respect to the sum of money ,main kinds and DDDs etc RESULTS:During the period 2000～2002,a total of 13 kinds of FQNs was used in these hospitals The consumption sums of FQNs in 2000 ,2001 and 2002 were 7 391,9 342 and 13 242 ten-thousand yuans respectively wi th an annual increase rate of 34 08%,of which the main cause was due to the i ncreasing consumption of levofloxacin,sparfloxacin and ofloxacin,however,the DDDs of FQNs in 2001 and 2002 decreased by 17 58% and 19 38% respectively,c ompared with that in 2000,which resulted from the reducing consumption of norfl exacin,but no significant differences were found in the average DDD costs among three years Meanwhile,the nasal drops and eye drops of ofloxacin,ciprofloxac in,norfloxacin and lomefloxacin were consumed a large amount during these three years CONCLUSION:FQN is a kind of commonly-used antimicrobial in southwest d istrict of China And the consumption of some newly-developed FQNs such as levo floxacin and sparfloxacin has increased fast year by year

OBJECTIVE:To establish a database that contains the standard basic information of drugs.METHODS:The drug basic information was collected and coordinated,and the data included the category,commercial name,general name in Chinese and English,and the dosage form,specification,packaging and quantity etc.of the drug.The code was endued with one drug in accordance with this drug information and the code rules.RESULTS:A database comprised more than 65 000 items of the standard drug basic information was established.CONCLUSION:That such a database could be the footstone of the drug information managing and communication and be very important to the drug information share.

Objective To investigate the significance of testing serum homocysteine for renal transplant patients .Methods 445 renal transplant patients from outpatient follow‐up(renal transplant group) and 100 healthy subjects(control group) were enrolled in the study ,whose serum homocysteine(Hcy) ,Cystatin C(CysC) ,creatinine(Cr) were tested .Then according to the eGFR(refered to the principle of NKF‐K/DOQI) patients of renal transplant group were divided into six subgroups .Serum levels of Hcy and Cr were compared among different groups ,and the relationship between serum Hcy concentration and anti‐rejection drugs were ana‐lyzed .Results In the transplant group ,concentrations of Hcy were obviously higher than that in control group(P<0 .05) .There was no significant difference in Hcy concentrations among renal transplants who had taken different anti‐rejection drugs(P>0 .05) . Concentrations of CysC and Cr were significantly associated with Hcy in renal transplant group(r=0 .481 ,0 .456 ,P<0 .05) .There was significant difference between eGFR≥90 subgroup and control group in CysC concentration(P<0 .05) .Conclusion Concen‐tration of Hcy in renal transplant group was obviously higher than that in control group .With the eGFR decreased ,Hcy increased gradually ,and in transplant group was associated with the concentration of CysC and Cr .There was significant difference between eGFR≥90 subgroup and control group in Hcy and CysC concentrations(P<0 .05) .The different anti‐rejection drugs had no effect on serum Hcy levels .

There are many subjects related to anesthesiology and the band between anesthesiology and clinical practicevery is close. So students can not be proficient in anesthesiology by traditional teaching methods. The use of three-dimensional case teaching method in anaesthesiology teaching is a good attemptment. three-dimensional case teaching method integrate case method, multimedia technology and clinical case. It can help medical students analyze and solve clinical problems, improvetheir academic performance and enhance their clinical basic skills.