It is well known that the tumor mainly transfers through the lymphatic vessels of the tumor .The current studies main-ly focus on the mechanism of metastasis , hoping to uncover the lymph node metastasis through investigating generation of lymphatic ves -sels and remodeling of tumor lymphatic vessels .Lymph node metastasis is directly related to and prognosis and the quality of life of cancer patients , and how to block the corresponding signaling pathways to prevent tumor lymphangiogenesis becomes the research fo -cus.This paper reviews the lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodeling .

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies,and the main unsolved obstacles,which we must figure out,are the early detection and diagnosis,and the improvement in treatments.The ceRNA (competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA) hypothesis provides significant clues and a novel direction for understanding the mechanisms of tumor occurrence and progression,microRNAs and lncRNAs (long non coding RNAs,lncRNAs) are important components in ceRNA hypothesis.Researches have discovered that both overexpression and silence of miRNAs and abnormal expression of some lncRNAs are related to the occurrence and progression of pancreatic cancer.This paper reviewed the contents and mechanisms of ceRNA hypothesis,members of ceRNA network as well as the role of ceRNAs in pancreatic neoplasms.

Data of 55 patients with duodenal mass lesions treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) were retrospectively analyzed. Risk factors of delayed bleeding after ESD were explored by univariate analysis and multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis. Duodenal delayed bleeding occurred in 5 patients (9.09%). No closure treatment under endoscopy( P=0.035) was significantly different between the delayed bleeding group and the non-delayed bleeding group. Multivariate non-conditional logistic regression showed no closure treatment under endoscopy was an independent risk factor for delayed bleeding after ESD in duodenal mass lesions ( P=0.029, OR=0.079, 95% CI: 0.008-0.776). Patients older than 60 years and who did not take endoscopic closure treatment have higher incidences of delayed bleeding after ESD. No closure treatment under endoscopy is directly related to postoperative delayed bleeding.

Objective To isolate and identify the aseites-derived exosomes from patients with ovarian epithelial carcinoma,and explore the relationship between exosomes and the prognosis of ovarian epithelial carcinoma.Methods Ascites-derived egosomes were isolated by ultraeentrifugation on sucrose and D2O gradients from 41 ovarian epithelial carcinoma patients,and identified by transmission electron microscope and western blot analyses.Ascites-derived exosomes were evaluated for effect on prognosis of ovarian epithelial carcinoma.Resulls Exosomes were isolated and purified from the ascites in 85% (35/41)of ovarian epithelial carcinoma patients;major histocompability complex-I(MHC-I)could be detected in 100%(35/35)of the aseites-derived exosomes samples,heat shock protein-70(Hsp70)in 91%(32/35),and CD81 in 86%(30/35).The patients with positive ascites-derived exosomes had no significant difference in age,pathological type and the degree of differentiation of tumor,surgical-pathological staging,the optimal operation and the responsibility to chemotherapy(P>0.05).The patients with positive ascites-derived exosomes,the reduction of CA125 level after cytoreduetive surgery was(66±27)%,which was more than that of the patients without ascites-derived exosomes(37±86)%and all the whole patients not considering the condition of exosomes(61±44)%(P<0.01),and there were also no difference whether or no optimal operation ration(P<0.01).Conclusions There are ascites-derived exosomes in ascites from most patients with ovarian epithelial carcinoma.While the relationship between exosomes and prognosis of ovarian epithelial carcinoma needs further research.

Hearing ; Hearing Aids ; Prostheses and Implants

Objective To investigate the reverse effects of zoledronic acid on the malignant phenotype of Bel-7402 human hepatocarcinoma cells.Methods The AFP secretary amount of the cells was determind with RIA,and thespecfic activities of tyrosine-?-ketoglutarate transaminase(TAT),ornithine carbamyl transferase(OCT) and alkaline phospharase(ALP),?-glutamgl transpeptidase(?-GT) and aldolase(ALD) were assayed by enzymological methods.Results Treating with 0.05?g/ml zoledronic acid,the proliferation of the cells,the secretary amount of AFP,and the specific activities of ?-GT and ALD significantly decreased(P

Objective To investigate the changes in cyclophilin A (CyPA) signal pathway in rat myocardial tissue after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).Methods Sixty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (n =8),instantancous CPR after cardiac arrest (CA),immediate CPR after CA (CRP),and 15,30,60 and 120 minutes after CPR groups,respectively,with 10 rats in each group.Asphyxia was simulated by occlusion of the tracheal tube at the end of exhalation.Mechanical ventilation,compression and epinephrine injection were given for restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in order to reproduce cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest (CA-CPR) models in rats.Hemodynamic changes were recorded at different time points.The blood was collected from abdominal aorta,and myocardial tissue was also harvested.The serum CyPA and CD147 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The protein positive cells and mRNA expression of CyPA and CD147 in myocardial tissue of the rats were determined by immunohistochemical and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The protein expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2,MMP-9) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in rat myocardial tissue were determined by Western Blot.The neutrophil infiltration in rat myocardial tissue was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining.Results The heart rate of rat was lowered to 0 with arterial pressure lowered immediately after CA.Arterial pressure was elevated to normal range immediately after CPR.Heart rate was restored at about 30 minutes later,and the dose of epinephrine was 50-60 μg,and ROSC time was 1-4 minutes.Compared with those of the sham group,serum CyPA and CD147 levels were gradually increased along with elongation of ROCS time within 120 minutes,and peaked at 120 minutes,CyPA was increased from (786.11 ± 3.93) μg/L to (2 001.80 ± 10.61) μg/L,and CD147 was increased from (2.94±0.02) μg/L to (5.99±0.023) μg/L (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).CyPA and CD147 mRNA expressions (A value) in rat myocardial tissue were gradually increased,and peaked at 120 minutes.Relative expression of CyPA at 120 minutes was 2.42 ± 0.05 when it was 1 in the control,and relative expression of CD147 at 120 minutes was 1.88 ±0.10 (both P ＜ 0.01).The immunohistochemical results under light microscope showed that the brown positive cells were gradually increased,which indicated that the expressions of CyPA and CD147 were increased.Expressions of MMP-2,MMP-9 and MPO (gray value) in myocardial tissue were also gradually increased,peaking at 120 minutes,and MMP-2 was increased from 0.396 ± 0.021 to 0.879 ± 0.020,MMP-9 was increased from 0.372 ± 0.009 to 0.819±0.012,and MPO was increased from 0.176±0.005 to 0.829±0.018 (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).No obvious neutrophil infiltration in myocardial tissue was found with HE staining.Conclusion Expressions of CyPA and CD 147 were up-regulated in serum and myocardial tissue after CPR in rats,which may be the markers of inflammatory reaction.

Objective To compare the clinical outcomes of percutaneous cannulated lag screws versus posterior buttress plate in the fixation for posterior malleolar fractures.Methods We reviewed the 167 patients who had been treated between January 2010 and December 2014 for ankle fracture involving larger than 25％ of the articular surface of the posterior malleolus.They received posterior malleolus fixation with percutaneous cannulated lag screws or with a buttress plate.In the cannulated screw group (84 patients),there were 47 males and 37 females,aged from 23 to 72 years (average,49.7 ±9.1 years),and 39 cases of type B and 45 ones of type C according to the Dennis-Webber classification.In the buttress plate group (83 patients),there were 38 males and 45 females,aged from 31 to 69 years (average,52.3 ± 8.3 years),and 45 cases of type B and 38 ones of type C according to the Dennis-Webber classification.At 6 and 12 months postoperation and the final follow-up,the ankle motion was evaluated using American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and range of motion (ROM).Results The average operation time for the cannulated screw group was significantly shorter than for the buttress plate group (Z =-9.145,P ＜ 0.001).No fracture nonunion,reduction loss or incision infection happened in either group.In the cannulated screw group,we detected malunion with a step-off beyond 2 mm in 5 patients,and penetration of one cannulated lag screw into the tibiofibular syndesmosis in 3 patients.In the buttress plate group,we detected toe flexion contracture in 4 patients,and uncomfortable feeling in ankle motion in 7 patients.At the final follow-up,X-rays and CT scans in the 2 groups showed no obvious post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the ankle.There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding the AOFAS scores at 6 and 12 months postoperation and the final follow-up(P ＞ 0.05);the AOFAS scores at the final follow-up for all the patients were significantly different from those at 6 and 12 months postoperation (P ＜ 0.05).At the final follow-up,there were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding ROMs of dorsal flexion,plantar flexion,varus or valgus (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions As there are no significant differences between the percutaneous cannulated lag screws and posterior buttress plate in AOFAS score and ROM of the ankle after fixation for posterior malleolar fractures,the 2 fixation methods can both achieve good clinical outcomes.Fixation with cannulated lag screws has advantages of indirect reduction and minimal invasion but also a disadvantage of uncertain quality of reduction;fixation with buttress plates has an advantage of anatomical reduction under direct vision but also shortcomings of relatively large invasion and high cost.

BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy of acute soft tissue injury has been widely used in clinical practice.OBJECTIVE: To observe the histological changes and treatment effect of different cryotherapies on the rats' acute damage of soft tissue. METHODS: Neonatal Wistar rats were randomized to normal, model, intermittent cryotherapy and continuous cryotherapy groups. Models of acute damage of soft tissue were established in model, intermittent cryotherapy and continuous cryotherapy groups. In intermittent cryotherapy group, the injury was treated by intermittent cryotherapy with ice bag at 4 °C; in the continuous cryotherapy group, the injury was treated by continuous cryotherapy with ice bag at 4 °C; the model group was not treated. Histological changes were observed at 48 hours. Injury degree was evaluated using injury symptom index.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with model group, the scores of injury symptom index and histology were lower, interleukin-1β expression was reduced, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression was increased in intermittent cryotherapy and continuous cryotherapy groups (P < 0.05). Compared with intermittent cryotherapy group, the scores of injury symptom index and histology were reduced (P < 0.05), interleukin-1β expression was reduced (P < 0.05), and TGF-β1 expression was increased in continuous cryotherapy group (P < 0.05). Results demonstrated that cryotherapy can cure the acute damage of soft tissue by reducing interleukin-1β expression and raising TGF-β1 expression. Continuous cryotherapy is superior over intermittent cryotherapy.

Objective To detect water iodine content,urinary iodine content and thyroid volume of children aged 6-12 in high water-iodine areas and to explore the relationship between thyroid volume and the three factors (water iodine content,urinary iodine content and age).Methods In July 2011 to March 2012,four provinces of Shandong,Shanxi,Henan and Hebei were investigated,and water iodine content were divided into 4 levels,which were 50-99,100-149,150-299,and ≥300 μg/L,respectively.For each water iodine content level,three villages were analyzed.School children aged 6-12 were recruited,family salt iodine was determined to exclude those children who had intaken iodized salt.After that,water iodine content,urinary iodine content and thyroid volume of children were measured.Finally,relationships between thyroid volume and water iodine content,urinary iodine content and age were analyzed.Salt iodine was detected by semi-quantitative method;urinary iodine was detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry;thyroid volume was detected by B-scan ultrasonography.Results The medians of thyroid volume in each age group from 6 to 12 years were 2.00,2.21,2.54,2.94,3.30,3.44,and 3.72 ml,respectively;the medians of urinary iodine content in each age group were 252.3,319.4,345.2,350.9,371.2,384.4,and 409.6 μg/L,respectively.Under the condition of water iodine content ＞ 100 μg/L,the median of urinary iodine content of children aged 6 in 100-149 μg/L water iodine content group was 274.0 μg/L,while other groups with different ages got the median of urinary iodine content more than 300 μg/L.Water iodine content,urinary iodine content and age were all positively correlated with thyroid volume (r =0.154,0.148,0.381,all P ＜ 0.01).In addition,water iodine content and urinary iodine content were positively correlated (r =0.399,P ＜ 0.05).With the same water iodine content level,the urinary iodine content and thyroid volume showed a significant dispersion with increasing age,which meant different individual responses to higher iodine.Conclusions In higher water-iodine areas,the iodine level of children is excessive,although they have intaken non-iodized salt.Furthermore,thyroid volume is associated with water iodine content,urinary iodine content and age.