Objective To investigate the influence of tooth preparation surface roughness and different dental ce-ments on adhesive strength, and provide some reference information on the selection of dental rotary instruments and dental cements. Methods Sixty dentin samples were prepared and randomly divided into 3 groups. Samples from group A, B and C were grinded by diamond burs with grit-sizes of 125μm, 60μm and 28μm respectively. Two samples selected randomly from each group were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the surface microprofile. The remaining 18 samples from each group were evenly divided into 3 subgroups. Each subgroup was teamed with one of 3 dental cements:zinc polycarboxylate cement (ZP), glass ionomer cement (GI) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI). Co-Cr alloy casts were cemented onto the dentin samples, and the adhesive strength was tested. Meanwhile, the types of failure were re-corded for each sample. Results The surface roughness of tooth preparation samples showed a downward trend in group A, group B and group C. Among the involved 3 dental cements, RMGI exhibited the highest adhesive strength, and there was no significant difference in the adhesive strength between ZP and GI. Among different combination subgroups, A-RMGI had the highest adhesive strength, B-RMGI run the second place, while C-ZP and C-GI were proved the lowest. However, there was no interaction between the two factors. Furthermore, group A mainly showed failure typesⅠandⅡ, group B evenly showed all the failure types and group C mainly showed failure typesⅡandⅢ. Conclusion The adhesive strength is related to the surface roughness. RMGI exhibits the highest adhesive efficiency. There is no obvious compatibility in particular surface roughness and dental cements.

Objective: To establish a method to determine 5 hazardous elements in animal traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) by microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).Methods: HNO 3-H 2 O 2 was used to decompose animal TCM, the working parameters of ICP-MS were optimized, and the matrix effect and the mass spectrum interferences were corrected by the in-line addition of Ge, In and Bi internal standard solution and the collided reaction cell technology (KED mode), respectively.Results: The detection limits of 5 hazardous elements were within the range of 0.04-0.52 μg·L-1 , the relative standard deviations (RSD) were within the range of 1.1%-4.8% , and the recoveries were within the range of 92.4%-110.0%.The method was applied to determine the 5 hazardous elements in 40 batches of animal TCM.The results indicated that some kinds of hazardous elements in animal TCM were high, and more attention should be paid to the problems in the production and use of animal TCM.Conclusion: The analysis method is simple, rapid and accurate, and suitable for the determination of hazardous elements in animal TCM.

Abstract?AIM:To evaluate the pupil light reflex in patients with primary open angle glaucoma, and to investigate the relation between pupil and visual field defect.?METHODS:From July 2014 to October 2015, 115 eyes in 86 patients with primary open angle glaucoma and 23 eyes in 16 healthy individuals were continuously enrolled in this study.All the subjects received comprehensive eye examination, visual field examination ( Humphrey, SITA Standard 24-2 ) and dynamic pupil measurement ( MonCV3 Metrovision) .According to the visual field and the Glaucoma Staging System, the patients with glaucoma were divided into 5 subgroups: stage 1, stage 2, stage 3, stage 4 and stage 5. The parameters of pupillary light reflex were as follows: pupil diameter ( minimum, maximum ) , latency and duration of contraction, latency and duration of dilatation, contraction amplitude, contraction and dilatation speed, and percent of pupil contraction ( PPC ). SPSS 19.0 statistical software was used to analyze the measurement results.?RESULTS:The control group significantly differed from the stage 4 subgroup ( P=0.032 ) and stage 5 subgroup (P=0.014) in terms of minimum pupil diameter; there was significant difference in the pupil contraction speed between groups ( F =648.675, P <0.01 ), and the contraction speed in stage 5 subgroup was significantly lower than those in the other subgroups and control group (P<0.05); the control group significantly differed from the stage 3, stage 4, and stage 5 subgroup in terms of PPC ( P<0.05 ).Pupil contraction speed, PPC and minimum diameter showed correlation with the stages of glaucoma.?CONCLUSION:Pupil contraction ability in patients with primary open angle glaucoma was impaired, and the degree of impairment is related with the degree of visual field defect.

Objective To discuss an initial clinical application of three-dimensional reconstruction of ilium bone flap. Methods From December 2006 to June 2008, bone defects of 6 patients with frac-tures of femoral shaft and tibia were repaired using vascularized iliac bone flap. After injection of contrast a-gent, CT scan was performed. Amira 4.0 Software was applied to reconstruct personalized three-dimensional structures of the iliac bone flap. The points, lines, and surfaces were marked in the personalized three-dimensional images reconstructed to provide guidance for the actual surgery. Results The person-alized three-dimensional reconstruction of iliac bone flap for the 6 individual patients were successfully used in the actual surgery. The three-dimensional structures of blood vessels, bone and adjacent relationship which had been clearly shown in the reconstructed flaps were confirmed by the actual surgical findings. All the 6 lilac bone flaps survived uneventfully. Conclusion The preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction of lilac bone flap by CT scan, angiography and digital technology can provide a useful aid for actual surgical design and harvest of the flap, minimizing intraoperative injury to blood vessels and enhancing flap survival.

Objective To understand the prevalence of smoking in different sub-populations in Xuzhou area so as to develop effective tobacco control policies. Methods Through multi-stage randomized cluster sampling,a face-to-face study with standard questionnaire was carried out among residents aged above 15 years,from June to December 2008,with descriptive nature. Results Totally,44 686 people,with 21 524 males and 23 162 females at age 15 and over were investigated,including 34 391 of them from rural areas and 10 295 from the urban population. Data regarding rates on ever smoked and current smoking,regular smoking,heavy smoking,and average numbers of cigarettes smoked per day,types of tobacco products smoked,rates on quitting smoking successfully,relapse,passive smoke exposure etc.,were 22.45%,21.40%,15.49%,9.49%,15.09/d,4.68%,5.91% and 14.12% respectively. There were no significant differences in the rates of overall smoking,current smoking and regular smoking among urban and rural residents (P>0.05). However,rates of successfully quitting smoking and passive smoke exposure in the urban areas were higher than those in the rural areas (P<0.05). Rates regarding relapse,heavy smoking and average numbers of cigarettes smoked per day in the rural areas were higher than those in the urban areas(P<0.05). Rates on smoking,current smoking,regular smoking,heavy smoking,relapse and average numbers of cigarettes smoked per day were higher in males than those in females (P<0.05). Rates of quitting smoking successfully and passive smoke exposure were higher in females than those in males (P< 0.05). The major types of tobacco products smoked by people aged 15 years old and above were cigarettes (85.17%),and Chinese pipes (3.24%). Conclusion Smoking was quite common in people from Xuzhou. Our data suggested that health education should be strengthened and sustainable intervention measures be developed and implemented to control the tobacco use in the area.

Objective To assess the therapeutic effect of plum-blossom needle tapping combined with topical imiquimod immunotherapy on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in SKH-1 mice,and to explore the immunological mechanism.Methods A total of 40 SKH-1 mice with ultraviolet light-induced cutaneous SCC were randomly and equally divided into 4 groups:control group receiving no treatment,plum-blossom needle group receiving plum-blossom needle tapping on all the tumors once a day,imiquimod group topically treated with imiquimod 5％ cream at a dose of 1.2 g/kg once a day,combination group firstly treated with plum-blossom needle tapping on all the tumors,and after the stop of bleeding topically treated with imiquimod 5％ cream at the same dose as the imiquimod group once a day.All the mice were treated for 30 days.Morphological changes of tumors in all groups were photographed and recorded every day.The tumor size was measured once every three days,and changes of total tumor volume and survival rate of the mice were compared among the 4 groups.At the end of treatment,tunor tissues were resected,and histopathological changes were compared among the 4 groups.Real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure the mRNA expression of interferon-α (IFN-α),IFN-β,interleukin-1β (IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-o) and IL-12 in tumor tissues.Results In the combination group,tumors on the back of mice grew slowly,and some even regressed.However,tumors grew fast in the control group,plum-blossom needle group and imiquimod group,and grew more slowly in the plum-blossom needle group and imiquimod group than in the control group.Before the treatment,there was no significant difference in the total tumor volume among the 4 groups (F =0.90,P ＞ 0.05).After 24-day treatment,the total tumor volume significantly differed among the 4 groups (F =5.16,P ＜ 0.05).The LSD-t test showed that the total tumor volume significantly decreased in the combination group compared with the control group (P ＜ 0.01),but no significant difference was observed among the other groups (P ＞ 0.05).Log-rank test revealed that survival curves significantly differed among the 4 groups (x2 =8.32,P ＜ 0.05).The survival rate was significantly higher in the combination group than in the control group (x2 =4.62,P =0.03),but did not differ between the plum-blossom needle group or imiquimod group and the control group or combination group (all P ＞ 0.05).Histopathological examination showed atypical cells arranged closely,a large number of tumor cells and some keratin pearls in the control group and plumblossom needle group,few dead tumor cells in the imiquimod group,and plenty of dead tumor cells,mild nuclear atypia and increased keratinization in the combination group.qRT-PCR revealed that the relative mRNA expression levels of IFN-α,IFN-β,IL-12,IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly higher in the combination group than those in the control group,plum-blossom needle group and imiquimod group (P ＜ 0.05).The imiquimod group showed significantly higher mRNA expression of IL-1β than the control group (P ＜ 0.01),but no significant differences were observed among the other groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Plum-blossom needle tapping can effectively enhance the anti-SCC activity and immunological effects of imiquimod in SKH-1 mice.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have showed that after indirect co-culture, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into myocardial cells and hepatocypte-like cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) to differentiate into hepatocytes by co-culture with human hepatocyte line LO2 in vitro.METHODS: Full-term umbilical cord blood samples were obtained sterilely. The UCB-MSCs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and directly adherence growth, then passaged with trypsin digestion at 80% cell fusion. By utilizing cell culture plate insets with microporous membrane combined with 6-well plate, the LO2-/UCB-MSCs co-culture system was established. UCB-MSCs were plated into the wells of 6-well plate at a density of 1×10~7/L. LO2 cells were plated into the cell culture plate insert at a density of 1×10~5/L. UCB-MSCs were plated in both layers in the control group. Surface markers of adhered cells were detected by flow cytometry. Morphological changes of UCB-MSCs were observed by inverted phase contrast microscopy. mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: HUCB MSCs expressed CD44 and CD29 strongly, but CD34 and CD45 were expressed negatively. After 5 days, fusiform-shaped cells were reduced in the co-culture group; while, the time passing by, cells shaped irregular round or polygonal were increased, which were similar to hepatocytes. At 4 weeks after culture, UCB-MSCs were still fusiform-shaped in the control group. At day 5 after culture, alpha fetoprotein mRNA expressed positively, but other expressed negatively in the co-culture group; at day 14 after culture, cytokeratin-19 mRNA and albumin mRNA expressions were observed; moreover, with the time passing by, the expression of albumin mRNA was increased, but the expression of alpha fetoprotein-19 mRNA was decreased. Antigenic expressions in the control group were negative. This suggested that UCB-MSCs could differentiate into hepatocypte-like cells by co-culture with human hepatocyte line LO2 in vitro.

Objective To study the expression of interleukin-1β in aortic dissections and aneurysms. Methods Aortic specimens were obtained from patients with type Ⅰ thoracic aortic dissection (11 cases),ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms (10 cases),and healthy organ donors (7 cases).Expression of interleukin-1β,matrix metalloproteinase-9,and signal transduction factors phospho-p38 and phospho-JNK were detected by real time RT-PCR,Western blot,and immunohistochemistry,respectively.TUNEL staining was performed to detect apoptosis of media cells. Results Apoptosis in the media of thoracic aortic dissection and ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms was dramatically higher than control group.Expression of interleukin-1β gradually increased in an order of control group,thoracic aortic dissection to ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms ( P ＜ 0.01,respectively).Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9significantly increased in the media of thoracic aortic dissection and ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms compared with control group (P ＜ 0.01,respectively).There were positive correlations between interleukin1 β and matrix metalloproteinase-9,interleukin-1β and phospho-p38 in thoracic aortic dissection ( P ＜ 0.01,respectively),interleukin-1β and apoptosis in ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms (P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions Interleukin-1β and interferon-γ might effect the formation of thoracic aortic dissection and ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms possibly through the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and apoptosis of media cells in humans.

Objective To evaluate the cLinical outcome and influencing factors of open reduction and internal fixation in treatment of hip dislocation combined with acetabular fractures. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 51 patients with hip dislocation combined with twetabular frac-tures, who were treated with open reduction and internal fixation under general anesthesia in the emergen-cy department on admission. Of all, 41 patients were treated with open reduction and plate/screw internal fixation, for which the reduction result was evaluated by postoperative X-rays and follow up X-rays accord-ing to Matta's criteria and the functional outcome by Merle d' Aubigne's criteria. Results Of 41 pa-tients, 33 were followed up for 1-7 years (mean 3.1 years). X-ray evaluation showed anatomic reduction in 27 patients (82%), imperfect reduction in five (15%) and poor reduction in one (3%). The clini-cal outcome at the time of final follow-up was graded as excellent in 18 patients (55%), good in 8 (24%), mederate in 3 (9%) and peor in4 (12%), with total excellence rate of 79%. Conclusion Prompt reduction of hip dislocation, precise reduction of the acetabular fracture and decrease of periopera-tive comphcations are key to excellent clinical outcome.