OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic and stress profile of the participants in the LIFECARE cohort.

METHODS: The Life Course Study in Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology (LIFECARE) is a community-based prospective cohort of apparently healthy individuals aged 20 to 50 years old with no preexisting cardiovascular disease. The second phase out of four phases of study involves collection of baseline socio-demographic, anthropometric, biochemical and cardiovascular parameters and stress profiles. It was conducted via face-to-face interview using a survey questionnaire.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 3072 participants from Metro Manila and 4 provinces in Luzon were recruited. The female to male ratio was 1.3:1. Majority of the participants were aged 30 years old and above. Most were married, employed and literate. Majority attained at least high school level of education. Loss of job was the most common stressor experienced in the past year. Majority of the cohort reported occasional experience of general stress and moderate level of financial stress. Occurrence of general stress within the past year was higher among females (p < 0.001), younger age-group (p=0.006), and among those who reached college level of education (p<0.001). Furthermore, level of current financial stress was high to severe among older age-group (p=0.004), and among widow/widower/separated (p<0.0001). While the relationship between psychosocial stress and physical illness had not been established in this study, there is a need to investigate demographics and psychosocial stress, and their implications in increasing adverse health outcomes in general, and cardiovascular risk in particular.

Human ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases-Risk Factors ; Demography

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the socio-ecological and health profile of the Philippine LIFECARE study sites, its health care services and leading causes of mortality and morbidity.

METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study that recruited participants aged 20-50 years from Metro Manila and four provinces (Bulacan, Batangas, Quezon, Rizal). Study sites were characterized according to their geographical area, terrain and environmental profile, and available health care system.

RESULTS: 3,072 subejects were included, with male-to-female ratio of 1:1.3 and majority aged 30-50 years. Metro Manila was the most congested site. Two-thirds of the 62 villages (barangays) were rural, outside the town proper, and in lowlands. One-fourth were along coastal area. Almost all were accessible by public transportation. Majority have reduced forest cover, but were relatively safe from environmental hazards. Rural health units, hospitals, and professional health care workers were concentrated in Metro Manila. Leading cause of morbidity was respiratory tract infection, while cardiovascular diseases caused most of mortalities.

CONCLUSION: Study sites were mainly rural, outside the town proper and in lowlands, with available public transportation. There is an unequal distribution of health resources. Cardiovascular diseases is still the leading cause of mortality. The disparities in geographical access to health care play an important role in shaping human health.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Resources

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of the clinical cardiovascular risk profile of the LIFECARE Philippine cohort in relation to its socio-demographic factors.

METHODS: We recruited a total of 3,072 apparently healthy participants from Manila and nearby provinces of Rizal, Batangas, Bulacan and Quezon. Face-to-face interview was done to obtain socio-demographic data. Baseline clinical parameters and biochemical tests were obtained. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was determined by sex, place of residence, level of education and employment.

RESULTS: Overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus was at 5%, similar between sexes, area class, educational attainment and employment status. More smokers were male, employed or with an elementary level of education. Prevalence of hypertension was at 14.5% and was seen more in males, urban dwellers, employed or with an elementary level of education. Dyslipidemia was seen more in males, living in the rural areas, employed or with a college level of education. Lastly, obese participants were seen more in females, living in urban areas, employed with a college level of eduction.

CONCLUSION: Older, male and employed participants who are living in the urban areas have more cardiovascular risk factors.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases-Risk Factors ; Demography

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the incidence of hypertension and determine the risk factors for hypertension among apparently healthy adult Filipinos. Methods: This observational prospective community-based study included apparently healthy adult individuals aged 20–50 years from the Life Course Study in Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology (LIFECARE) Philippine cohort at baseline and followed-up after an average of four years. Sociodemographic data, psychosocial stress, and clinical and metabolic profiles were obtained and analyzed. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the development of hypertension. Results: A total of 2,089 non-hypertensive participants were included, with 59% women and average age of 35 years (SD = 8.4). The incidence rate of hypertension was 38.1 per 1,000 person-years. The cumulative incidence of hypertension over a mean follow-up time of four years was 15.4% (95% CI = 13.9–17.0%). The risk of incident hypertension was higher among males (aHR=1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.8; p=0.044), ≥40 years old (aHR=3.9, 95% CI: 2.6–5.8; p < 0.001), family history of hypertension (aHR=1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.7; p=0.007), abdominal obesity (aHR=1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–2.0; p=0.027), baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least 130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of at least 80 mm Hg (aHR=5.1, 95% CI: 3.8–6.8; p < 0.001). Conclusion The 4-year incidence rate of hypertension among apparently healthy adult Filipinos is high. Increased age, male sex, family history of hypertension, abdominal obesity, and high normal blood pressure were significantly associated with the development of hypertension.
Human ; hypertension ; incidence