Alpha (α) thalassaemia is the most common inherited disorder in Malaysia. The clinical severity is dependant on the number of α genes involved. Full blood count (FBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) analysis using either gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or capillary zone electrophoresis (CE) are unable to detect definitively alpha thalassaemia carriers. Definitive diagnosis of α-thalassaemias requires molecular analysis and methods of detecting both common deletional and non-deletional molecular abnormailities are easily performed in any laboratory involved in molecular diagnostics. We carried out a retrospective analysis of 1623 cases referred to our laboratory in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) for the diagnosis of α-thalassaemia during the period October 2001 to December 2012. We examined the frequency of different types of alpha gene abnormalities and their haematologic features. Molecular diagnosis was made using a combination of multiplex polymerase reaction (PCR) and real time PCR to detect deletional and non-deletional alpha genes relevant to southeast Asian population. Genetic analysis confirmed the diagnosis of α-thalassaemias in 736 cases. Majority of the cases were Chinese (53.1%) followed by Malays (44.2%), and Indians (2.7%). The most common gene abnormality was αα/--SEA (64.0%) followed by αα/-α3.7 (19.8%), -α3.7 /--SEA (6.9%), αα/ααCS (3.0%), --SEA/--SEA (1.2%), -α3.7/-α3.7 (1.1%), αα/-α4.2 (0.7%), -α4.2/--SEA (0.7%), -α3.7/-α4.2 (0.5%), ααCS/-- SEA (0.4%), ααCS/ααCd59 (0.4%), ααCS/ααCS (0.4%), -α3.7/ααCd59 (0.3%), αα/ααCd59 (0.1%), αα Cd59/ ααIVS I-1 (0.1%), -α3.7/ααCS (0.1%) and --SEA /ααCd59 (0.1%). This data indicates that the molecular abnormalities of α-thalassaemia in the Malaysian population is heterogenous. Although α-gene deletion is the most common cause, non-deletional α-gene abnormalities are not uncommon and at least 3 different mutations exist. Establishment of rapid and easy molecular techniques is important for definitive diagnosis of alpha thalassaemia, an important prerequisite for genetic counselling to prevent its deleterious complications.
Thalassemia ; Patients

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the perioperative period has serious implications, being with a more complicated hospital course and associated cost implications. Identii cation of risk factors, close monitoring of renal function, and early adoption of both preventive measures and treatments remain important considerations for those taking care of perioperative patients who are likely to develop AKI. The aim of this study is to determine if the AKI risk index by Kheterpal [4] is able to identify those patients at risk for AKI undergoing non-cardiac surgery. This is a cross-sectional study, wherein a total of 145 patients’ charts were reviewed from September 2016 to May 2017. About 59 patients had AKI and 86 patients did not develop AKI. The most common operations done are hindgut, urologic, and musculoskeletal surgeries. The baseline characteristics of patients included in the study show that those in the AKI group are signii - cantly older with a mean age of 66.2 vs. 60.2 years (p-value 0.017); renal insufi ciency, emergency surgery, ascites, active congestive heart failure, hypertension, lower estimated glomerular i ltration rate (eGFR), recent myocardial infarction (MI), and peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). Whereas there is no signii cant difference between the groups in terms of the male gender, intraperitoneal surgery, type II diabetes, previous cardiac intervention, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA). A ROC curve was then formulated and the area under the curve (AUC) determined to be 0.799 (95% CI: 0.729–0.870). Hence, the AKI risk index by Kheterpal is an acceptable predictor of AKI among non-cardiac surgery patients. Therefore, it is recommended that this risk scoring be used at the University of Santo Tomas Hospital. It has a sensitivity of 57.6% and 86% sensitivity with more than i ve risk factors identii ed.
Kidney ; Patients

Introduction: Globally, the number of people who die from road crashes continues to rise, reaching a high of 1.35 million in 2016. Due to this continued increase in fatalities and injuries within the road transport system, especially in low- and middle-income countries, 2011 to 2020 was declared by the United Nations General Assembly in 2010 as the Decade of Action for Road Safety. Objectives: This study looked into the epidemiology of road crashes and injuries in Metro Manila over ten years, from 2008-2017, from data gathered at the Department of Surgery of the Philippine General Hospital (PGH). Method: A retrospective review of patients’ clinical records was conducted to describe the epidemiology of road crash cases in the Trauma Division, Department of Surgery of the PGH. Clinical records of the road crash patients admitted to the division over the ten years, January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017, were extracted from the Integrated Surgical Information System (ISIS). Results: A total of 422 patients were admitted to the PGH Department of Surgery and recorded in the ISIS database, from 2008 to 2017, who suffered from road crashes in Metro Manila. Most of these patients (80.8%) were male. The mean age of patients was 32.4 years. The highest number of admissions (27.5%) and road crash deaths (6.9%) were in 2016; the highest number was from the city of Manila (26.7%), and most happened at nighttime (61.8%) between 6:00 PM and 5:59 AM. Throughout the years, motorcycle (52.8%) was the vehicle type involved. Among patients with helmet use information, 65.4% were not wearing helmets, 91.2% had a history of alcohol intake. The majority incurred multiple injuries (82.7%), with the external region (53.8%) as the most common. Patients who sustained injuries to their head and neck region were five times more likely to die and six times more likely to have an unchanged patient outcome than those who did not have these injuries. Patients who had a GCS of 8 and below or those who had severe brain injuries were eight times more likely to die and six times more likely to have an unchanged patient outcome. Conclusion This study looked into the epidemiology of road crash cases admitted to the Surgery Department of the PGH. Road crash injuries and deaths remain a growing concern among the citizens of Metro Manila. It is hoped that the results of this study will provide policymakers with an objective and data-driven perspective on road crashes.
Accidents ; Patients

Background: Health related internet usage is common among patients globally. The literature review showed no local study regarding health- related internet usage in the Philippines hence investigation of internet use for medical information in the outpatient department was done Objective: To describe the health-related internet usage; its prevalence, reasons & experience on use, perceived effects and sources of medical information in the Outpatient Department of a tertiary Hospital. Method: A single center, observational, sectional study utilizing a modified 33-item self- administered questionnaire about Health-related Internet usage of patients consulting at the service outpatient department of De La Salle University Medical Center, Dasmariñas City, Cavite, Philippines fromSeptember-October 2020. 381 eligible participants were included in the study based on the computed sample size. The data were reported as frequencies and percentage distribution. Results: Majority of the participants belongs to the 26-35 years old group (32.02%) and most were Females (69%). Most used the Internet in general (88%) and Health-related internet usage was high among these users (78.42%). Despite the high internet usage, majority stated that the primary source of medical information was Doctors (76.25%). Commercial websites such as (Google & Yahoo) were the most commonly used during health- related searches (40.49%) and most searches were about their medical condition (36.22%). Most of the participants stated that sometimes they trust information from the internet (58.63%) and find it useful (68%). Forty five percent stated that medical information obtained from the internet were applied without consulting a doctor and subsequently, many does not disclose this information during medical consultation with a doctor (64%). Participants stated that their primary reason for Health-related internet use was personal knowledge about medical condition (57%). Also, most of the participants believed that Health-related searches do not have an effect on their medical condition (62%) and relationship with their doctor (61%). Conclusion The study clearly indicated that Health- related Internet Usage was a common practice in the outpatient department. Although, majority of the patients stated that their Doctors were the primary source of medical information, many individuals still do not divulge medical information obtained from the internet hence physicians should regularly inquire regarding health-related internet usage and educate regarding erroneous online medical information to correct misperception that may affect their health. Lastly, due to the overwhelming use of the internet among patients, health institutions and practitioners may develop mobile friendly applications to render sufficient medical service and provide holistic care to patients especially in this time of pandemic.
Outpatients ; Patients

In 2004, 10 poliovirus strains were isolated from 4 acute flaccid paralytic cases (AFP). All these poliovirus strains were confirmed as Sabin-like strains. 66 other non-polio enterovirus strains were also isolated including 29 echoviruses, coxsackie B viruses and 30 untyped enteroviruses. These virus strains were isolated from 489 stool specimens of 245 AFP cases. The results confirmed the free status of the stable sustaining poliomyelitis in Viet nam.
Viruses ; Enterovirus ; Poliomyelitis, Patients

In the period from 2000 to 2004, 393 non-polio enterovirus strains were isolated containing 140 Echoviruses, 35 coxsackie viruses and 218 untyped enteroviruses. These viral strains were isolated from 2,232 stool specimens of 1,116 patients with acute flaccid paralysis. 32 poliovirus isolates were all Sabin viruses. The result confirmed the free status of the sustaining of poliomyelitis between 2000 and 2004 in Vietnam.
Enterovirus ; Poliomyelitis, Patients

Using nested PCR with the specific primers for gag gene and the sequencing data from blood samples of HIV patients, we demonstrated that subtype E is also very common in the Northern area of Vietnam. This method can be applied for the cloning of HIV genes and molecular epidemiology of HIV-l in Vietnam.
HIV ; Genes ; Patients ; Classification

25,873 patients, who came to VietDuc Hospital from Jan 1st 2003 to Dec 31st 2003, were performed HIV antibody tests. Result: among 25,297 samples are tested for HIV antibody, there were 292 cases HIV positive. The numbers of HIV infection among surgical patients in VietDuc Hospital increased day by day, accounted for 1.3% of patients underwent HIV antibody tests, especially the rate of HIV infection in young males (between 20 and 29 years old) was the highest. It is necessary to test HIV for pre-operative patients, special in high-risk people and to pay attention for health equipment, labour assurance for health care workers in hospital
HIV ; surgery ; hospitals ; patients

A descriptive cross sectional study was performed on 11547 households (with 35832 persons aged ≥ 15, including 16734 males and 19095 females) in Ba Vi district, Ha Tay province. Among them 559 had a more than 3 weeks long cough without difference between 2 genders. More male subjects had got health insurance than female subjects. There were differences between 2 genders in considering other symptoms. Their majority were peasants. ** rate was higher in female than in male. The course of cough was long in male than in female subjects. Various factors such as the age, the living economic condition, moving measure, did not exert statistically significant influence. Private health facilities and home self treatment were the common services in use. For female subjects more services were used but with less quality than male
Health Services ; Cough ; Patients

After myocardial infarction, there is a high mortality, patient needs a proper treatment. The medications include a group of antiagglutination of thrombocytes, anticoagulants, a group of beta receptor suppressor, a group of antimetabolism inhibitors, a group of calci channel suppressor, the medication of antiarrhythmia, treating blood lipid dysturbation. Supportive measures such as the change of living stype, stop smoking, proper diet and exercises were effective. Specially, it must treat activelyassociate factors such as diabetes, hypertension. Antioxidants such as vitamin A, vitamin E, folat, vitamin B and hormone therapy for menopause women are also helpful
Myocardial Infarction ; Patients ; mortality