Introduction: Literature shows that infant distress and care-giving can be sources of stress of primary care givers, especially for first-time mothers. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of Dunstan baby Language in decreasing parenting stress among first time mothers compared with those receiving standard newborn care alone. Methods: This research utilized a quasi-experimental approach, where 18 first-time mothers with babies 0-2 months old were allocated to receive standard care plus Dunstan baby language training or standard care alone. Maternal stress was measured at baseline and after the intervention period with the Parental Stress Scale. The scores were compared within and between the two study arms. A repeated measures mixed model was used for the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) results. Results: A total of 27 participants were enrolled in the study. The Dunstan baby language group had 18 participants, while the control group had 9 participants. An apparent decrease was noted in the week 1 to week 2 and the week 2 to week 3 Parental Stress Scale scores in the Dunstan baby language group compared with the control group which had minimal changes in their mean scores. The mean difference between the two groups was not significant. Conclusion The use of Dunstan baby language in addition to standard care may decrease stress among first time mothers with 0-2 month old babies.
Parenting

Extant literature highlights certain comparisons between the effect of demanding parenting style in non-Western families (Muslims and non-Muslims) and that of the democratic type of parenting in Western counties on emotional intelligence, which contributes to improvements in mental health. A systematic review was conducted on original published articles using ‘parenting style’ and ‘emotional intelligence’ as keywords. Initial data collected from Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science and PubMed were searched using the Rayyan software (26) for relevant articles written in English. However, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 28 articles (14 from each type of society, that is, non-Western and Western) were included in the review. Consequently, the review found that social environment, cultural, religious and economic conditions significantly predicted emotional intelligence
parenting styles

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental childhood disorder associated with cognitive and language impairments. Previous research found that children with developmental disorders increase parenting stress but parents of children with ASD, specifically have recorded higher parenting stress than any other developmental disabilities. Hence, this study investigates the difference in parenting stress levels among parents of children with ASD compared to a typical development (TD) control group. Parenting Stress Index, 3rd Edition Short Form was used to assess the parenting stress levels of 30 parents of children with ASD and 36 parents of TD children. Parents of children with ASD were sampled at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Tangkak Hospital and National Autism Society of Malaysia (NASOM) in Muar and Segamat. Parents of children with ASD recorded significantly higher levels of parenting stress compared to the TD group (p<0.001). Parents of male children of ASD recorded significantly higher levels of parenting stress compared to the parents of male children of TD group (p<0.001). Parents of female children of ASD also recorded significantly higher levels of parenting stress compared to parents of female children of TD group (p<0.001). Intervention towards ASD children should not only focus on minimizing the core symptoms but should also pay attention to the family’s mental health as well.
Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Parenting

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship of academic achievement and impulsivity in children with learning disorders with parenting strain and self-competence of their mothers. A sample of 70 students with learning disorders along with their mothers was recruited for the study. Data were collected using the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale, a modifi ed version of Zarit Burden Interview, Parent Sense of Competence Scale and each student’s grade point average as an index of academic achievement. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coeffi cients and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that academic achievement correlates signifi cantly and positively with mothers’ sense of competence but negatively with their experience of parenting strain. Furthermore, children’s impulsivity was negatively associated with mothers’ sense of competence but showed no relationship to parenting strain. Regression analysis indicated that while children’s impulsivity predicted mothers’ sense of competence but not their parenting strain, children’s academic achievement predicted both. Findings imply that when children with learning disorders are highly impulsive, their mothers only report an incapability to cope with stress. But when children’s academic achievement is low, mothers tend to not only experience increasing parenting stress but also report feeling overwhelmed by the stress. Findings imply that features of children with learning disorders have a differential impact on the mental health of their mothers.
Impulsive Behavior ; Parenting

Background: The family life cycle describes the stages of family development starting from the formation of the emerging adults to marriage, birth of children, growth into adolescents, adulthood and families in later life. The cycle includes individual developmental changes of family members, evolution of marital relationship and cyclic development of the evolving family unit. Presently, there is no study that describes the developmental tasks, structures and functions of Filipino families with young children. Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the developmental tasks, family structure and functions among selected Filipino families with young children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2016 on a total of 353 Filipino parents of families with young children ages 0-12 years old. Results: The extended type of family (65%) is more predominant than the nuclear type (35%) among the participants. A high Family APGAR score of 9.2 (SD ± 1.1) translated to highly functioning families with young children. Overall, the first order changes on financing, marital adjustments and extended family relationships were highly met except that on the unexpected costs of family life. For second order changes, there was a significant association of decline in intimacy over time among couples progress thru the life stages (X2 12.75, p-value 0.013). Partners were able to adjust the marital relationship mainly through communication and acceptance. The parenting roles were done most of the time except for the roles on inspiring children for nationalism and providing wholesome educational materials. Finally, almost all families with young children (99%) were able to align relationship with extended family members. Conclusion The selected Filipino families with young children mostly have an extended family structure and are highly functional. Overall, the first and second developmental tasks were accomplished in varying degrees.
Family ; Family Relations ; Parenting

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing life satisfaction for mothers with children in elementary school. METHODS: Participants were 243 mothers with a child in first and fifth degree of one elementary school in G city. Data were collected from March 20 to April 9, 2010. The instruments used were Satisfaction with Life Scale, Parent Satisfaction Scale, Korean ADHD Rating Scale, Parenting Alliance Inventory and Scale for Measuring Family Strengths. The data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 14.0 computer program and included one-way ANOVA, Scheffe back-testing, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: The life satisfaction of the mothers showed significantly positive correlations with parent role satisfaction, spousal support, and family strengths and negative correlations with ADHD. Significant predictors of life satisfaction for mothers with children in elementary school were spousal support and sharing of value systems, and these variables explained 37.0% of the variance in life satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that improvement of spousal support and sharing of the family value system should be helpful in promoting life satisfaction for mothers with children in elementary school.
Child* ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Parenting ; Parents

Parents ; Parenting ; Adolescent ; Emotions ; psychology

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to generate a grounded substantive theory of the adaptation process of nurses who return to work after taking parental leave. METHODS: Individual in-depth interviews with 13 participants were conducted between June and September 2014. Participants were interviewed 1~3 times; interviews were continued until the data became saturated. Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory method. RESULTS: The core category of experience of the process of adaptation as a nurse who returned to work after parental leave was 'trying to regain one's previous position'. Participants used five interactional strategies: 'preparing in advance', 'initiating relationships with colleagues', 'keeping a positive attitude', 'understanding parenting helpers', 'Taking burden off one's mind'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the adaptation process of nurses returning to work after taking parental leave. The importance of improving nurses' attitudes to their co-workers who take parental leave is highlighted along with the necessity of providing a family-friendly work environment. These results can be used to develop supportive policies and programs for nurses who return to their work after parental leave.
Humans ; Parental Leave* ; Parenting ; Parents* ; Return to Work*

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the Object Relations, Parenting Behaviors, and Self-esteem with Depression. METHODS: This study included 60 Depression patients and 90 healthy individuals. Parent Behavior Inventory (PBI), Bell Object Relation Inventory (BORI), Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used for measuring parenting behaviors, object relations, self-esteem and severity of depression in orderly. RESULTS: Depression was negatively associated with self-esteem, and positively associated with four subscale of Object relation. Also, depression was positively associated with maternal intrusiveness, parental negligence and negatively associated with maternal affection. The most potent variable to explain depression was self-esteem, and the second was insecure attachment. Maternal affection was the most explainable variable of self-esteem, and the most potent variable of insecure attachment was maternal intrusiveness. Correlation analysis with insecure attachment and self-esteem as control variable individually, there was weak correlation among variables. CONCLUSION: This study shows object relation, parent behavior, and self-esteem are related with depressive symptoms. Object relation (especially, insecure attachment) and self-esteem is more important and proximal cause in depression than parental behavior. Result of the present study indicated that inadequate parental behavior in childhood foster insecure object relation and low self-esteem, then they contribute to depression through their interaction.
Depression ; Humans ; Malpractice ; Object Attachment ; Parenting ; Parents

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the problem behaviors of adolescents and to discriminate between parenting behaviors of problem behavior groups and those of non-problem behavior group. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 792 high school students in Seoul. We administered 'Parenting Behavior Inventory' and Korean version of Youth Self-Report(K-YSR) to the subjects in order to evaluate the parenting behaviors perceived by adolescents and the problem behaviors of adolescents. We analyzed the relationship between parenting behaviors and problem behaviors. We classified the subjects into problem behavior groups(internalizing group, externalizing group, internalizing-externalizing group) and a non-problem behavior(normal) group. We studied the differences of parenting behaviors among the groups. RESULTS: The results are as follows. 1) There were significant negative correlations between the positive parenting behaviors such as affection, reasoning, and monitoring and the problem behaviors of adolescents. By contrast, there were significant positive correlations between the negative parenting behaviors such as physical abuse, intrusiveness, over-expectation, neglect, and inconsistency and the problem behaviors of adolescents. 2) Adolescents of the internalizing group perceived significantly more parental abuse, intrusiveness, over-expectation, neglect, and inconsistency than those of normal group. Meanwhile, they perceived significantly less affection than normal adolescents. Adolescents of the externalizing group also perceived significantly more parental abuse, intrusiveness, over-expectation, neglect, and inconsistency than those of normal group. Also, they perceived significantly less monitoring than normal adolescents. 3) Adolescents of the internalizing-externalizing group perceived significantly more intrusiveness from both parents than those of either the internalizing or the externalizing groups. Adolescents of the internalizing-externalizing group perceived significantly less affection and more neglect from their mothers than those of the internalizing or the externalizing groups. In addition, adolescents of the internalizing-externalizing group perceived significantly more physical abuse from their fathers than those of the internalizing or the externalizing groups. CONCLUSION: Parenting behaviors such as abuse, intrusiveness, over-expectation, neglect, and inconsistency are associated with both internalizing and externalizing problems. In contrast, our results suggest that parenting behaviors such as affection, monitoring, and reasoning might decrease the various problem behaviors of adolescents.
Adolescent* ; Fathers ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parenting* ; Parents* ; Seoul