N-Methylhydrasteine hydroxylactam and 1-methoxyberberine chloride, both alkaloids, extracted from Corydalis longipes have been assayed for their activities against two powdery mildews. The spore germination of Erysiphe cichoracearum on detached leaf of balsam(Impatiens balsaminia) following pre- and post-inoculation treatments by their mixture has shown high efficacy against the pathogen at 100, 200 and 300 microg/ml. The mixture was also effective at both pre- and post-inoculation treatments at 500, 1000, 1500 microg/ml doses against E. pisi causing pea powdery mildew in pea(Pisum sativum) under field conditions. The significant efficacy of the mixture of two compounds against spore germination on detached leaves of balsam and also under field conditions in pea warrants its inclusion in trials against some other diseases under field conditions.
Alkaloids* ; Corydalis* ; Germination ; Peas* ; Plants* ; Spores

Narceine methyl ester and narceine are potent alkaloids which were isolated from Corydalis longipes were found effective in vitro at very low concentration, i.e., 100~500 ppm against spore germination of some test plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani, A. tagetica, Cercospora abelmoschi, Curvularia maculans, Erysiphe cichoracearum, E. pisi, Fusarium udum, Helminthosporium oryzae, H. penniseti, Ustilago cynodontis). Among the test, phytopathogens the spores of F. udum, C. maculans and H. penniseti were highly sensitive at 200 ppm. However, spores of E. pisi, A. solani and A. tagetica were less sensitive at low concentration followed by other test fungi. Most of the fungi showed zero or nearly zero percent spore germination at 400 and 500 ppm.
Alkaloids ; Corydalis* ; Fungi* ; Fusarium ; Germination ; Helminthosporium ; Oryza ; Plants ; Spores ; Ustilago

Medicinal plants play important roles in controlling plant diseases as one of the safest and ecofriendly methods. These plants have been used in the form of crude extracts as well as active principles in vitro and under field conditions to control plant diseases. Among the active principles, alkaloids have shown significant antifungal activity. We have investigated the effect of two alkaloids viz., (-)-corydahnine and (-)-isocorypahnine isolated from Corydalis chaerophylla, against spore germination of some plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungal spores. Significant inhibition of spore germination at 100 microg/ml was seen against Curvularia penniseti, Curvularia sp. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by (-)-corydahnine but (-)-isocorypalmine was also effective against fungi included in the experiment.
Alkaloids* ; Colletotrichum ; Complex Mixtures ; Corydalis* ; Fungi* ; Germination ; Plant Diseases ; Plants ; Plants, Medicinal ; Spores ; Spores, Fungal

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Klippel-Feil Syndrome* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging*

1-Corydalmine,an alkaloid isolated from roots of Corydalis chaerophylla inhibited spore germination of some plant pathogenic as well as saprophytic fungi e.g. Alternaria brassicae, A. brassicicola, A. solani, Curvularia lunata, C. maculans, C. sp., C. pallscens, Erysiphe pisi, Fusarium udum, Helminthosporium species,H. penniseti and a Heterosporium species. 1-Corydalmine significantly inhibited spore germination of all the fungi at 100 to 1500 ppm. It was effective against all the fungi at 1500 ppm. C. lunata was highly sensitive to this chemical even at 250 ppm.
Alternaria ; Brassica ; Corydalis* ; Fungi* ; Fusarium ; Germination* ; Helminthosporium ; Plants ; Spores*

The ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is a small domesticated species of the family Mustelidae within the order Carnivora.The present article reviews and discusses the current state of knowledge about housing, care, breeding, and biomedical uses of ferrets. The management and breeding procedures of ferrets resemble those used for other carnivores. Understanding its behavior helps in the use of environmental enrichment and social housing, which promote behaviors typical of the species. Ferrets have been used in research since the beginning of the twentieth century.It is a suitable non-rodent model in biomedical research because of its hardy nature, social behavior, diet and other habits, small size, and thus the requirement of a relatively low amount of test compounds and early sexual maturity compared with dogs and non-human primates. Ferrets and humans have numerous similar anatomical, metabolic, and physiological characteristics, including the endocrine, respiratory, auditory, gastrointestinal, and immunological systems. It is one of the emerging animal models used in studies such as influenza and other infectious respiratory diseases, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, cardiac research, gastrointestinal disorders, neuroscience, and toxicological studies. Ferrets are vulnerable to many human pathogenic organisms, like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), because air transmission of this virus between them has been observed in the laboratory. Ferrets draw the attention of the medical community compared to rodents because they occupy a distinct niche in biomedical studies, although they possess a small representation in laboratory research.

Introduction:Carpal collapse of wrist occurs in disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and Kienbock's disease. Three techniques have been described to measure carpal collapse. First, the carpal height ratio (CHR), measured by dividing carpal height by 3rd metacarpal length. Second, the revised carpal height ratio (RCH ratio), measured by dividing carpal height by length of capitate. Third, capitate radius distance (CR index), measured by shortest distance between distal edge of radius and the proximal edge of capitate. The index publications describe good reliability of all these but which method out of the three is best in terms of intra- and inter-observer variability is not known. The purpose of this study was to find out which method had the least inter- and intra-observer variability for determining carpal collapse. Materials and Methods: Fifty normal wrist postero-anterior radiographs were studied by three assessors who measured CHR, RCH ratio and CR index separately. The measurements were repeated after one month by all the three observers. The results were then statistically analysed. Results: The p-value was <0.001 in all the three assessors in CR index meaning that the intra-observer variability was least in CR index. For the inter-observer variability intra class coefficient of 0.9 indicated that the CR index has the least variability. Conclusion: CR index is the most reproducible method to measure carpal collapse. The method which provides accurate measurement of carpal collapse will allow better staging of carpal disorders.

Introduction:Osteoporosis (OP) is a major health problem in the older population. The aim of the study was to assess the role of serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) as a diagnostic indicator of primary osteoporosis in peri- and postmenopausal women in an Indian population. Materials and Methods: After ethical approval, 90 cases (45 cases and 45 controls) of peri- and post-menopausal females above 40 years of age presenting to our outpatient department were included in the study. It was a case controlled study conducted between July 2014 to July 2015. Based on the clinical features, t-score and radiological evidence from the DEXA scan, they were equally divided into two groups (cases and controls). Serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels were measured amongst cases and controls. Results:The total calcium (mg/dl) level was lower among the cases and the difference was significant (p-Value= <0.001). Similarly, alkaline phosphatase (u/l), osteoprotegerin (u/ml) levels were higher in the cases as compared to controls and the difference was significant (p-Value= <0.001). The mean osteoprotegerin level showed a slight increase with increase in severity of the grading of BMD of spine. The results suggested a cut-off value of ≥10.5 u/ml (86.7% sensitive and 80% specific with accuracy of 84.5%) between normal and osteoporosis. Conclusion: From the present study, we conclude that osteoprotegerin is a valid biomarker to diagnose postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density.

The inhibitory activity of ent-norsecurinine alkaloid was evaluated against spore germination of some plant pathogenic fungi (Curvularia maculans, Curvularia species, C. palliscens, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum species, Alternaria solani, A. brassicae, Fusarium udum, Helminthosporium echinoclova and H. penniseti). It inhibited spore germination of all the test fungi. C. maculans, C. species, and C. palliscens were the most sensitive as complete inhibition of spore germination was observed at 1000 ppm. A. solani was not inhibited by this chemical.
Alternaria ; Brassica ; Colletotrichum ; Fungi* ; Fusarium ; Germination* ; Helminthosporium ; Plants ; Spores*

Crude extracts and active principles from medicinal plants have shown potential role in controlling plant diseases in glasshouses as well as in fields as one of the safest and ecofriendly methods. The effect of nor-securinine (an alkaloid) isolated from Phyllanthus amarus has been seen against spore germination of some fungi (Alternaria brassicae, A. solani, Curvularia pennisetti, Curvularia sp., Erysiphe pisi, Helminthosporium frumentacei) as well as pea powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi) under glasshouse conditions. The sensitivity of fungi to nor-securinine varied considerably. Nor-securinine was effective against most of the fungi. H. frumentacei was more sensitive even at the lowest concentration (1,000 microg/ml). Likewise conidia of E. pisi were also inhibited in partially or completely appressorium formation. Pre-inoculation treatment showed greater efficacy than post-inoculation in inhibiting powdery mildew development on pea plants in a glasshouse. Maximum inhibition occurred at 2000 microg/ml
Brassica ; Complex Mixtures ; Fungi* ; Germination ; Helminthosporium ; Peas ; Phyllanthus ; Plant Diseases ; Plants, Medicinal ; Spores ; Spores, Fungal