Objective;To evaluate the endourethral surgery for urethrostenosis and urethratresia. Methods:68 patients with urethrosteno-sis or urethratresia were treated by endourethral surgery, such as internal urethrotomy, transurethral scar resection. Results: Of the 68 cases, the outcome was satisfactiory in 61 (89. 71% ). Endourethral surgery was carried out once for 55 patients and twice for 6,7 patients required open surgery. All patients had followed by urethral dilatation. 59 patients were followed - up for 3 months to 5 years. 54 cases can micture normally. Conclusions; Endourethral surgery is simple,safe,efficient treatment for urethrostenosis and urethratresia.

Objective To investigate and analyze the risk factors,morbidity and mortality rates of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) after multiple trauma.Methods The clinical data of all 155 patients with multiple trauma admitted to our ICU from Sep 2008 to Jun 2011 were retrospectively analyzed,including treatment,injury severity score (ISS) and its relationship with MODS.Results The morbidity of MODS among all 155 patients was 18.7％ (29/155).There were 3,7 and 19 patients died due to multiple trauma in 39 ISS ＜ 16,58 ISS 16-25,and 58 ISS ≥25 cases respectively.The morbidity of MODS was significantly higher in patients with ISS ≥25 ( x2 =12.321,P =0.002) than in others.There were 15 cases with MODS and 28 cases without MODS died respectively in multiple trauma patients ( x2 =10.236,P =0.001 ).Conclusion MODS is the important reason for death in multiple trauma patients.It is pivotal to actively deal with primary trauma to avoid the second insult to the patients and support vital organs early in order to improve the prognosis of multiple trauma.

Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the aneurysm intra-artery GDC embolization and the aneurysm clapping of intracranial aneurysm, and to give the instruction for the clinical practice. Methods A case control study (1 vs. 1) was developed to evaluate the cost in hospital, the cost for return visit and the Quality-adusted Life-Year (QALY) and lifetime costs of the intra-artery GDC embolization and the aneurysm clapping of intracranial aneurysm, under the matching of the age, sex, living place, the size and place of the aneurysm, and the Hunt & Hess score. Clinically effectiveness dates were derived from the medical records. Cost dates were derived from follow-up by telephones or letters. The correlation analysis was done with the SPSS 13. 0. Results The cost in hospital in AC group was (54 945±16 946) RMBs,which washigher than the ones in AE group(63 768±12 665) RMBs, (t = 1.71, P <0. 05). The cost of missed working in AE group was 200 RMBs(the median), which was lower than the ones in AC group 650 RMBs (z =2. 57,P < 0. 01). The cost of return visit in AE group was 1200 RMBs, which was lower than the ones in AC group1950 RMBs (z = 1.82, P < 0. 05). The cost-effectiveness of the intra-artery GDC emhalization and the aneurysm clapping had no difference 3805 RMBs/year vs. 3028 RMBs/year(z =0. 42,P >0. 05). Conclusion The results suggest that the two therapies have no difference in cost effective rate. Considering the physical and mental loss, the aneurysm intra-artery GDC embolization was better than the aneurysm clapping for the patients with aneurysm that diameter less than 25 mm.

ObjectiveStudy on the effect of nasal decontamination hefor aerosol inhalation in elderly patients with general anesthesia postoperation.Methods130 elderly patients with general anesthesia postoperation were randomly divided into routine treatment group and nasal decontamination group.The time of first sputum,the time of postoperative sputum changing characters,respiratoty-related indicators,sputum cuhure positive rate of bacterial,the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications was examined.ResultsCompared with routine group,nasal decontamination group obviously shorten sputum character changing time ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Postoperative nasal decontamination group and conventional group sputum Staphylococcus aureus positive rate were 7.7％ (5 cases) and 20.0％ ( 13 cases) respectively,the difference was significant(x2 =4.13,P ＜0.05).ConclusionGiven nasal decontamination before aerosol inhalation could improve character of sputum and reduce sputum bacterial culture positive rate,and had good efficacy and safety.

Objective To explore the characteristics of type 1 diabetic mice models induced by multiple low dcee streptozotoein(MLD-STZ).Methods Type 1 diabetic mice models was induced with intraperitoneally injection of STZ(40mg/kg body weight,daily)for 5 consecutive days and detected fasting blood glucose,urine glucose and histological ehange of panereata.Results The incidence of type 1 diabetes mdlitus was 65%;compared with normal control group,blood glucose and urine glucose levels increased significantly and histological analysis of pancreata showed marked insulitis in diabetic model group,and the hyperglycemia maintained from the fourth to the eighth week after the firml STZ injection.Conelnsion Type 1 diabetie mice models could be made successfully by MLDSTZ,and the hyperglycemia could maintain for a rather long time.

ve To explore the effectiveness of non-hazardous treatment of excreta on control of intestinal infectious diseases and parasitosis. Methods The popularization rate of sanitary latrines, the non-hazardous treatment rate of excreta, the prevalance rate of B-class intestinal infectious diseases and infectious rate of worm eggs were sta-tistically analyzed. Results With the increasing popularization rate of sanitary latrine and the non-hazardous treat-ment rate of excreta, the prevalance rates of 3 kinds of intestinal infectious diseases (dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis) decreased from 175.14/100 000 in 1991 to 57.78/100 000 in 2 000 namely decreased 67.01% . The infectious rates of helminth eggs decreased from 76.88% in 1991 to 22.16% in 2000 namely decreased 71.17%. Conclusion Non-hazardous treatment of excreta presented obvious effectiveness on disease prevention, which should be widely popularized in countryside.

This is a review on the new progress in the study of regulation mechanism of Plasmodium falciparum Var gene family. The mutually exclusive expression system caused expression only one in 60 var genes while others were silenced. It was regulated on the transcriptional level mainly through three pathways:non-coding DNA elements,chromatin structure and perinuclear localization.

It remains an urgent need to develop effective malaria vaccine for global control of malaria.Application of high technologies such as biotechnology has facilitated the process of vaccine development for malaria.In the past 30 years,a large number of vaccine candidate antigens for malaria have been identified and some of them are currently in clinical trials.Major progress in malaria vaccine development has also been made in China.The PfCP-2.9 blood stage vaccine for malaria has entered clinical studies and some other vaccine candidates including combination malaria vaccine are currently in pre-clinical studies.The availability of various national research programs and international funding has stimulated laboratory and pre-clinical studies of malaria vaccine candidates.It remains a long-term goal to develop a safe and effective malaria vaccine to control and even eliminate the disease in the world,and many issues including malaria immunology and various types of technologies need to be addressed.However,efforts need to be continued toward the goal.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a kind of genetic heterogeneous clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder.Although there were improvements in the outcomes of selected younger patients and those with specific cytogenetic and molecular genetic characteristics,the overall survival for older patients remains dismal.In the last few years,next-generation sequencing technologies have identified recurrent mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in the epigenetic regulation of transcription in most patients with AML.This discovery has led to new insights into the role of the epigenome in AML and opens the possibility of epigenetically targeted therapies.This article will review the most important recurrent mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes and highlight the current and future treatment strategies that attempt to exploit epigenetic targets with the use of hypomethylating agents,which were reported on the 56th American Society of Hematology annual congress in 2014.

[Objective] To introduce the experience of Professor ZHANG Biao in the treatment of infantile dyspepsia. [Methods] Through the long-term study with Professor ZHANG, large amounts of medical records are collected and generalized, so that the experiences concerning infantile dyspepsia are summarized, when and how to choose activation, tonification or digestion depends on excess and deficiency,and proven cases are presented. [Results] It is thought that infantile dyspepsia mostly belongs to excess syndrome, or excess syndrome combined with deficiency syndrome, so the treatment is heiping digestion, tonifying spleen and harmonizing stomach. Professor ZHANG thinks that the cause of children's dyspepsia is the weakness in spleen and stomach eventually. It is characterized by excess in syndromes and deficiency in root causes. Its clinical manifestations are concurrence of excess and deficiency. As for the treatment, there's no need to wait for the pathogenic qi to disappear. The basic principle of treatment is always to activate the spleen, regulate qi and help digestion. Professor ZHANG raises that syndromes with more deficicency than excess are treated by activating spleen, which is complemented by tonification. That is to say, activation and tonification are combined, while helping digestion is considered, also. But as to syndromes with more excess than deficiency, the treatment will be activating spleen combined with helping digestion, also with regulating qi. He also cares for children 's regulating and giving reasonable advice. [Conclusion]According to the children's characteristics of physiology and pathology, we should pay more attention to excess and deficiency to choose better method, at the same time, proper feeding and teaching are also important.