BACKGROUNDThe study was based on the reason that skills, attitude and knowledge of the nurses who are working in healthcare organizations do not satisfy customers and to assess undergraduate nursing curriculum.METHOD306 nurses and specialist are involved. Nursing curriculums of Vermont University of USA, Yonsei University of Korea, National College of Nursing, Japan and Ulaanbaatar University of Mongolia are compared and studied with our curriculum.RESULTStudy shows that curriculum contents of School of Nursing, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences have comparatively less contents of understanding about healthy person, assessment on human, giving advice healthy human, path anatomy, physiology, communication skills.CONCLUSION42% of participants assessed their knowledge at the low level. Curriculum credits of School of Nursing, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences is 142, comparatively much more than other schools shows that the need of innovation to the curriculum of nursing bachelor degree.

BACKGROUND The study was based on the facts that high patient satisfaction and good health indicators are common in countries where quality of nursing care and organization has reached high level and skill level of these professionals is the main factor for the improvement of health care service quality. OBJECTIVE Evaluate practical skill levels of nurses who are responsible for pre- and post-operative care in the National First Central Hospital (NFCH). METHOD Using cross-sectional design, we have conducted 120 questions questionnaire, which was developed by Canadian Nursing Association and Kwantlen Polytechnic University in 2008, to determine 4 levels of skill (never done – did independently) among 41 nurses who work in the Department of Surgery of NFCH. Data was analyzed using social studies statistics software SPSS 21. RESULT Average age and average work years of the 41 nurses who work in the Department of Surgery were 29.9±8.6 and 7.7±9.1, respectively. In terms of specialty, 4 were anesthesiology and intensive care nurse (9.8%) and 17 were surgical nurse (41.5%) while almost half of them (20, 48.8%) did not have specialty certification. During the evaluation of practical skill levels of participants in regards to pre- and post-operative care, for checking readiness of respiratory apparatus, there were 9 (22%) nurses who had never done it, 11 (27%) nurses who did it with assistance, 9 (22%) nurses who did it under guidance, and 12 (29%) nurses who did it independently, for checking neurologic function, there were 4 (11%) nurses who had never done it, 3 (7%) nurses who did it with assistance, 7 (17%) nurses who did it under guidance, and 27 (65%) nurses who did it independently, for operation wound care, there were 5 (12%) nurses who had never done it, 2 (5%) nurses who did it with assistance, 11 (27%) nurses who did it under guidance, and 23 (56%) nurses who did it independently, for using nasal and tracheal intubation, there were 10 (24%) nurses who had never done it, 4 (10%) nurses who did it with assistance, 10 (24%) nurses who did it under guidance, and 17 (42%) nurses who did it independently. There was correlation between average work years and skill level (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Varying skill levels (never done it 17.25%, with assistance 12.25%, under guidance 22.5%, and independently 48%) of surgical nurses who are responsible for pre- and post-operative care show that there is a need for improving practical skills of nurses in the Department of Surgery of NFCH.

BACKGROUND. The measurement of oral health is recognized as a critical feature of numerous dental activities: describing normal biologic processes, understanding the natural history of disease, testing hypotheses regarding preventive agents, and planning and evaluation of health services. In modern times, statistical methods are widely being used to describe the probability of caries formation by calculating the progress and progression of dental caries for each individual by means of investigational correlations to detect and control risk factors for dental caries and periodontal diseases. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between the incidences of dental caries (DMFT) and its influencing risk factors for Mongolians in order to establish the fundamental criteria for oral health index. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Data were collected from 240 volunteers in six different age groups by using a questionnaire and an intra oral examination combined with laboratory tests. The oral health index is divided into 5 major categorical factors including the residual number of natural tooth, caries state, periodontal state, other oral health state and oral health management habits and systemic condition that determines the relationship between the incidences of dental caries and influencing risk factor for each item. RESULTS. Significantly different results were observed for Mongolian people in terms of prevalence and proportion of oral disease and oral state which led to the establishment of criteria for oral health index by statistical significance factors in all age groups (p <0.05). CONCLUSION. It is possible to create and introduce a scoring system of individual oral health index that could be applied to the evaluation oral health program that is suitable for calculating future illnesses and prognosis of oral diseases.

Background: Blood is an important resource, both for planned treatments and urgent interventions. It can help patients suffering from life-threatening conditions live longer and with a higher quality of life, and supports complex medical and surgical procedures. According to WHO recommendation at least 1% of the population of any country needs to donate their blood to accommodate the basic clinical needs of the country. Accordingly, we aimed to assess existing attitudes of the general population towards on blood donors. Materials and Methods: The survey identified attitude of the population on blood donation and factors influencing them, using quantitative and qualitative methods. The survey covered a population aged 18-60 years. SPSS software version 21 was used for data analysis of the survey. The survey protocol and methodology were reviewed and approved by the Scientific Committee at the NCPH. The Medical Ethical Committee at the MOH reviewed the survey materials and issued an approval (2015/3). Results: The survey covered in total 3,782 people and there are 59.2% of surveyed respondents said they have never thought of becoming a voluntary blood donor. Positive attitude on blood donation is higher with statistical significance among women (59.0%), 18-25 years old (43.7%) and UB residents citizens with higher education. As education level increases the number of respondents who thought about donating blood is also increases. 16.1% of them had a history of blood donation before and 38.2% said they never thought about it. Twenty point four percent of respondents thought blood donation brings some kind of risk. Nevertheless of the education level of surveyed respondents, the percentage of answer blood donation is not risky for a person was the most common answer. But respondent who is only literal and uneducated were don’t know about whether it has a risk or not (385.37=2א, p=0.000001). Also, respondents failed to donate their blood because the family not allowed, afraid, risk of infection, doesn’t want and had a busy schedule. Conclusion There is a high tendency to donate blood populations of young people aged 20-29, women, residents of Ulaanbaatar, and uneducated and highly educated. The majority of respondents agreed that blood donating is charity and a good deed. The leading causes of blood donation is the education, gender, the desire of doing a good deed, peer influence and health condition.

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori), the main cause of gastric and duodenal ulcer, is considered as a type 1 carcinogen. The primary prevention of gastric cancer is eradicating chronic H.pylori infection. However, the antimicrobial eradication rates are decreasing as low as 80% in some countries, less than 70% in Europe and are inversely correlated with antibiotic resistance rates reported worldwide. The current international guidelines recommended several regimens with higher success rate including sequential, combined, bismuth-containing and resistance-guided treatment and states that the local susceptibility testing in H.pylori should be studied. The research data that is covering correlation between H.pylori associated gastric changes and precancerous diseases, evaluation of H.pylori eradication rate are sparse in Mongolia. METHODS Totally, 495 eligible candidates were enrolled into this study. 225 patients who visited to endoscopy unit, received gastroscopy with multiple biopsies for rapid urease test, histology and H.pylori culturing. Out of these, 131 (52.2%) patients were positive for H.pylori infection. These were further tested for antibiotic resistance. 76 patients were treated with targeted therapy based on antibiotic resistance testing. Another 270 eligible patients with confirmed H.pylori associated gastritis were randomized into the following 1st line therapy regimen groups clarithromycin-based triple therapy (CBTT, n=90); bismuth-based quadruple therapy (BBQT, n=90) and sequential therapy (ST, n=90). In 43 patients that were not responded to 1st line therapy, levofloxacin-based triple therapy (LBTT) was prescribed as a second line treatment. Eradication rates were assessed using H.pylori stool antigen test 28 days of therapy just subsequent to termination of treatment. RESULTS During the gastroscopy, presence of active gastritis, nodular change and atrophy were 32.9%, 12% and 52.9% respectively. Epigastric pain was reported in 73.3%, 62.2%, 60-80% and 41.3% of patients with normal mucosa, nodular change, stomach and duodenal ulcer and antral atrophy (p<0.05). Abdominal fullness was more common among patients with extensive gastric atrophy (69.2%, p<0.05). In <40 age group gastritis was predominantly in the prepylori, while in the >50 age group it was predominantly the corpus region. H.pylori resistance rates to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole and more than 2 antibiotics were 8.4%, 37.4%, 74% and 30.5%. On ITT analysis, eradication rates of 1st line H.pylori targeted treatment, CBTT, BBQT and ST were 92.1%, 71.1%, 87.8% and 67.8% (p<0.0001); on PP analysis, that were 94.6%, 72.7%, 89.8% and 68.5% (p<0.0001) respectively. Eradication rates of 2nd line treatment LBTT were 55.8% and 60% by ITT and PP analysis. Higher side-effects were reported during the second line treatment. CONCLUSION H.pylori infection rate was high among the dyspeptic patients resulting chronic gastritis and atrophic change. H.pylori resistance rate to metronidazole and clarithromycin was high. Among 1st line therapies; the eradication rates of CBTT and ST were poor, while BBQT and Targeted therapy had a higher success rate. 2nd line therapy showed higher failure rate.

Background: A blood product is any therapeutic substance derived from human blood, including whole blood and other blood components for transfusion, and plasma-derived medicinal products. Medicinal (medical therapeutic) products derived from human donations of blood and plasma play a critical role in health care. Safe, effective and quality-assured blood products contribute to improving and saving millions of lives every year, as they: address child mortality and maternal health, dramatically improve the life expectancy and quality of life of patients suffering from life-threatening inherited disorders, such as haemophilia, thalassaemia and immune deficiency, and acquired conditions such as cancer and traumatic haemorrhage and support complex medical and surgical procedures, including transplantation. An insufficient or unsafe blood supply for transfusion has a negative impact on the effectiveness of key health services and programmes to provide appropriate patient care in numerous acute and chronic conditions. Ensuring access of all patients who require transfusion to safe, effective and quality-assured blood products is a key component of an effective health system and vital for patient safety.
Although the number of blood donors is increasing, there are still insufficient human and financial resources for encouraging the growing demand of blood and blood products and new blood donors. Material and Methods: We collected secondary data by using using the order forms of hospitals that used blood and blood products registered in the National Center for Blood Transfusion Research in 2017-2019 in accordance with the retrospective survey method.
In total 34,119 hospital order information sheet was entered into computer in excel program, and converted into SPSS 23 software, descriptive parameters were calculated and analyzed. Results: Compare to the 2017 (n=9076), the demand of blood product was increased by 21.8%, and 54.8% in 2019. There are 51.9% (95%CI: 51.2-52.5) of total users are male, which is statistically significant. The mean age of blood product users were aged 48.58±21.32, the youngest user was aged 1 and the oldest age was 99. The demand of blood products were increased by growing of the age of users. The product usage of age group of 46-55 was 17.8% and has trend to increase year by year. In total, 11.3% of total blood product was utilized for children and 72.3% of them were aged less than 5 years old. 73.0% of total blood products were utilized in specialized hospitals, 14.6 % of them were used in aimag and district level hospitals and 11.3% of them were used in private clinics. 24.4% of blood products utilization was used for diseases of digestive system (К00-К93), 22.1% of them were used for diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism, and 19.5% of them were used for the cancer (C00-C97) disease patient’s treatment. Conclusion Since after new treatment guidance was introduced the blood and blood products usage had been increased.

The purpose of the present study was to elucidate genealogical and clinical features of hereditary neuropathy in the several kindreds of Gobi-Altai province.Materials and Methods: In the present study, we investigated five kindreds originated from Bayan-Uul sum, Gobi-Altai province on the basis of previous surveys. Each participant was enrolled for genealogical and neurological examinations according to specific questionnaire. We also collected biological samples for further genetic study. Genomic DNA was isolated from biological samples, and quantitative analysis of DNA was determined by spectrophotometer and Picogreen assays.Results: Twenty members from five kindreds were investigated. Genealogical analysis revealed that there is a linkage between two kindreds within the families enrolled into study, whereas no association was revealed among the other pedigrees. As a phenotype of the hereditary neuropathy, the clinical features were inherited in every generation, and the inheritance was not dependent on the gender. In neurological examination, age of hereditary neuropathy onset was detected as follows. The clinical features appeared in the first decade of life in 4 patients, in the second decade of life in 5 patients, and for the other members the disease started in the age of over 20 years. Common clinical features of hereditary neuropathy were characterized by hypomimic- and mask shape face, muscular atrophy of upper and lower limbs, and pes cavus. Interestingly five female patients had similar gynecological problems. Conclusions:1. The hereditary neuropathy exists in the kindreds of Bayan-Uul sum, Gobi-Altai province and the type of inheritance could be categorized as autosomal dominant.2. Onset of hereditary neuropathy disease was started mostly in the second decade of life. Common clinical features of hereditary neuropathy were characterized by hypomimic- and mask shape face, muscular atrophy of upper and lower limbs, and pes cavus. Apart from general clinical features, the specific complications related to metabolic disorders and pregnancy was detected.

Introduction : In recent years, there has been a significant increase of cerebrovascular disease in Mongolia, which is the second leading cause of mortality. There are dozens of Mongolian traditional medicine which is good efficiency for cerebral ischemia that contains musk. Aim: Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of musk under the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Materials and Methods: Cerebral middle cerebral artery occlusion was established in male rat (90-minute occlusion followed by 24-hour reperfusion). Rats were divided into following groups: control group, ischemia group (cerebral ischemia and reperfusion), nimodipine administrated group (cerebral ischemia and reperfusion + treated with nimodipine), musk administrated group (cerebral ischemia and reperfusion + musk 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). The brain tissue levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 cytokines were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) every 1, 3, 7th days. Results: Levels of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) were significantly lower in musk treated group compared to brain ischemia group (p<0.05). In contrast, treatment with musk was significantly improved neurological function with stimulation of M2 phenotype microglia cells and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine level of IL-10 in the ischemic hemisphere of brain in rats Conclusion The mechanisms of musk are associated with increasing the brain tissue levels of IL-10, and reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 subsequently stimulating neurogenesis and reduced ischemic zone. Musk may have neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia with stimulating M2 phenotype microglia cells in the brain. Regarding the ELISA, the effects of musk may be due to anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of some of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulation of anti- inflammatory cytokines.