Background Enamel hypoplasia occurs due to inherent and non-inherent factors. Researchers noted occurrence of non-inherent based enamel hypoplasia happens due to malnutrition of children or foreign infl uence to teeth while they are on their formation stage (Groshikov 1985). According to studies of N.A. Belova, a researcher, in 1976, an examination conducted on 200 children between the ages of 2.5-3 in Moscow area and resulted 20.5% of the children were affected with EH. Results from Asian countries such as in Beijing, China the prevalence rate was 22.5% (Lee et all, 1995) among 1344 children who were 8-15 years of age and had premature weight at birth, and in Deli, India 30% (Agarwal K.N et aii, 1999-2001) among 280 children who were 0-1 year of age and had substitute provision. Prevalence rate was 32.7% in Iranian cities of Yazd and Hadi among 1223 elementary school children (A.R.Daneshkazemi, DDS, MS; A. Davari, DDS, MS). Inherent based EH or Amelogenesis Imperfecta is an abnormal development of enamel. It is formed due to genetic mutation (Aldred, 2003). Prevalence of inherent EH differs from countries to countries and the variation was 1:718-1:14000 (Seow, 1993). Its genetic inheritance pattern can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or XLinked (Shafer, 1987, Seow, 1993). The basis for this study work on risk factors of EH was due to lack of similar studies among the youth of our county. Objective The aim of the research work was to study the pathogenesis and etiology of enamel hypoplasia, Methodology We have conducted clinical examination up among 296 (12-year-old) children, and surveyed with a specially designed questionnaire those who are affected with enamel hypoplasia followed illustrations of their genetic chart. Result Of those who were involved in the research, 11.8% were affected with EH, and 10.4% had non-genetic infl uence factors, 1.01% had genetic infl uence factors and 0.34% had genetic syndrome. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine non-genetic infl uence factors among 62 children were free of EH (DMFT 1.70.14) and 31 children who had genetically infl uenced EH. While, 71% of the children who had EH had normal birth weight and 29% had miniature weight, 87% of the healthy children had normal birth weight and 13% had miniature birth weight (OR = 2.761 [CI 95percentage 0.944-8.08]).While 58% of the children with EH were breastfed, 16% had mixed milk, 8% had substitute milk only, 87% of the healthy children were breastfed, 8% had mixed milk, and 5% had substitute milk only(OR=5.0 [CI 95% 1.085-23.034]). Where as 31% of the healthy children had vitamin D defi ciency, 46% percent had digestion problems, 8% had some type of infectious disease, and 58% had respiratory infection while they were 0-1 year old, 25% of the children with EH had vitamin D defi ciency, 25% had digestion problems, 13% had some type infectious disease, and 58% had respiratory infection while they were 0-1 year old. Looking at the result digestion illness raises (OR = 5.895 [CI 95percentage 1.944-17.879]) the risk of having EH than any other infectious diseases (OR=1.356 [CI 95percentage 0.215-8.571]). 19% of the mother of the 31 children who had EH had early pregnancy sickness, 26% had late pregnancy sickness. However, 10% of the healthy 62 children had early, and 16% had late pregnancy sickness (OR=2.761 [CI 95percentage 0.944-8.08]). While 74% of the mothers of the children with EH were delivered on time and 26% premature delivery, 86% of the mothers of the healthy children were delivered on time and 11% had premature delivery(OR=2.733; CI95% 0.887-8.419). Genetic factor infl uence is due to X linked dominant chromosome on two occurrences, and one occurrence is due to Y chromosome. One occurrence of genetic syndrome has been diagnosed as Acrofacial syndrome Nagera. Conclusion. Late pregnancy sickness among other had the highest probability of causing EH. Premature delivery, miniature weight had the highest probability of causing EH. Babies breastfed mixed milk for age 0-1 had the highest probability of causing EH among other illnesses that causes EH. Digestion illness had the highest probability of causing EH among other illnesses that causes EH. Infectious diseases had relevant risk factor. Genetic factor infl uence on EH is due to X linked dominant chromosome, and Y chromosome. One sign of genetic syndrome has been detected as due to Acrofacial syndrome Nagera.

BackgroundThere are 137 soums of 17 provinces have plague foci in Mongolia. The 51.7% of them is case, 23.4%- low, 9.5% - high, 0.7% - hyper active. Main host of plague foci is marmot in Mongolia. According last20 year’s surveillance study, about 75.5% of Y.pestis was isolated from marmot, marmot carcassesand their flea. Human plague cases has been caused illegal hunting marmot in Mongolia. Even legaldocument which prohibited marmot hunting was appeared since 2005, people has been hunting marmotfor selling marmot meat, skin and other products. It is depends economy crises and other public issues inMongolia. Also influenced increase risk of human plague and being reverse result in plague preventionactivities.Materials and MethodsStudy was used data of rodent for zoonotic diseases suspicious which tested plague in National centerfor zoonotic disease (NCZD) in 2005-2015 and 13 local center for zoonotic diseases in 1988-2015. Datawas kept in NCZD and National archival authority. For mapping we used Arc View 3.2.ResultsTotally 397 event information of suspicious rodents and other animals was received in NCZD from 8 districtsof Ulaanbaatar city in 2002-2015. Most of information was received from Songinokhairkhan-64.2%district and smallest number was from Nalaikh district-0.3%. 92.2% of them were marmot, 0.1% of themwere marmot raw products for treatment purpose. Totally 1285 animal samples were tested by plaguedisease and the result was negative. Five hundred thirty tree marmots were carried to Ulaanbaatar from10 provinces. In that time plague foci were active and Y.pestis was isolated in provinces which marmotwas carried to Ulaanbaatar.In 1988-2015, totally 257 marmots and animals of 515 event information was received in15 provinces.Including 13.2% of them were birds, 84% of them marmot, 1.6% of them were livestock, 1.2% of themother animals. About 216 marmots were tested by plague. 51.2% of them were detected positive results.We develop conclusion based laboratory investigation result even it need high cost to take earlyprevention and response measures.Conclusion1. It is high risk to spread plague by carrying suspicious animal in urban area. Therefore, it is importantto take early response measures even it high cost. In further, increase cost and support rapid test ofhigh technology.2. To organize rational advertisement and increase knowledge of population about not doing illegalhunting, not selling marmot raw products in urban area, not using marmot raw products for treatmentuse and avoid contact with marmot carcasses.3. It is important to cooperate joint response measures with policeman, inspection agency andveterinary and human health sectors in Mongolia.

ABSTRACT. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS, is common oral disorder of uncertain etiopathogenesis for which only symptomatic therapy is available. This article reviews the current clinical features of RAS among study patients and the result of therapeutic effects of the herbal preparation Akhizunber. Over the past four years we have treated 61 RAS patients with different clinical forms by herbal preparation Akhizunber or Alumekatin. The distribution of clinical forms RAS RAS among study patients were minor aphthae -75.4%, major aphthae -16.4% and herpetiform ulcers -8.2% respectively. The healing time of treated Akhizunber was in minor aphthae -9.28±4.82 days, major aphthae -14 days and herpetiform ulcers -12 days. Of the total study participants, the patients treated by Akhizunber reported a rapid and complete recovery from RAS during treatment compared with treated patients by Alumekatin. Treatment with herbal preparation Akhizunber can be effective for patients suffering from RAS in any clinic form, regardless of their ulcer number and size.