The research on the smoking habits among 8th-to-12th grade students of schools was conducted using a random sampling method among the 13-18 years old school students.Materials and MethodsThe research was performed using a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative part of the research was performed by conducting surveys among randomly selected secondary school students according to prepared and approved questionnaires. The qualitative study was performed by organizing focus groups based on prepared discussion guidelines. Sampling: the survey participants were students in grades 8-12 from both public and private schools in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. A total of 1190 students from the 12 secondary schools of 6 districts were selected through random sampling.Resultsto the question of whether the participants have tried to smoke once or twice, 36,1% (407) responded positively. Among these respondents, 49.6% (272) are male and 23.2 (135) are female. This confirms the statistical data that male students are more exposed to the habit of smoking than female students (x2=57.8, p<0.01). The percentage of the currently smoking students is 11.2% (77) of whom 17.9% are male and 4.8% are female. Of the current smokers, 6.8% smoke every day (x2=48.3, p<0.01). The average age of taking up smoking was 14.0[±1.8] of which males students began using tobacco at 13.9[±1.8] years and females at 14.3[±1.6]. Among the smoking students, 10[±2.1]% were from public schools and 17.3[±2.8]% were from private schools (x2=8.1, p<0.01).

Introduction: According to CDC guideline, common changes in patient admitted due to pneumonia caused by COVID-19 are lymphopenia (63%), leukocytosis (24-30%), leukopenia (19-25%). Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), thrombocyte-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are important to evaluate prognosis of infectious diseases as well as cancer.
Hematological tests are important for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patient with COVID-19. Our study objective was to determine the changes of leukocyte, lymphocyte, thrombocyte, NLR, LMR, and PLR in imported cases of COVID-19 into Mongolia. Method: The data such as age, gender, and laboratory test of a total of 249 cases who admitted to National Center forCommuncable Diseases (NCCD) from March 11 to July 20, 2020 was collected from information system of clinical laboratory of NCCD. Peripheral blood tests were conducted by XN 550 which is fully automated hematological analizator of Sysmex corporation, Japan. Statistical analysis such as mean, standard deviation, probability range was done by Microsoft Excel SPSS -25 program. Result: Regarding to gender, 163 (66.5%) were male and 86 (34.5%) were female. Mean age was 26 with range age of 11-80. Statistic analysis on leukocyte (mean 6.38 x 10⁹/L; P <0.000), thrombocyte (mean 283 x 10⁹/L P <0.000), neutrophil (mean 3.33 x 10⁹L; P <0.000), lymphocyte {mean 2.3 x 10⁹/L; P <0.000), NLR (mean 1.6, P <0.000), PLR parameter (mean 141.8 P <0.000> were revealed. Leukopenia (<3.98) were in 17 (6.8%), leukocytosis (>10.0) were in 11 (4.4%) cases. Lymphopenia (<1.18) were in 14 (5.6%), lymphocytosis (>3.74) were in 14 (5.6%) cases. Thrombocytosis (>369) were in 21 (8,4%), thrombocytopenia (<163) were in 4(1.6%) cases. Neutropenia (<1.56) were in 14 (5.6%) neutrophilia (>6.13) were in 15 (6%). The rest 220 (88.3%) cases have been determined no changes. PLR were 141.8 ±88.6, NLR were in 1.29 ±1.26 in 249 cases. Increased NLR and decreased PLR were in 10 (4.0%) and 114 (45.7%); increased PLR and decreased PLR in 31 (12.4%) and 28 (11.2%), respectively. Discussion Our result which is leukocytosis in 4.4%, leukopenia in 6.8%, lymphopenia in 5.6% of all imported eases ol"CO\ 1D-W. are similar to other studies. However, percentage of changes were lower than similar studies due to low rate of severe cases. It suggests, further studies clinical stages and severity of the infection need to be conducted.

Introduction: Beginning 15 May 2019, the consumption of raw coal in Ulaanbaatar has been replaced by the consumption of briquette fuel for the improvement of air quality according to Governmental Resolution No.62 adopted in 2018. Since after this resolution has been in placed the number of CO poisoning has been increased as of 18 December 2019, nine persons were died and 1394 people get a health care service due to CO poisoning. However, it has been not been assessed briquette affect to the indoor air quality and its health impact. Thus, it is need urge to define the indoor air quality effect of briquette and its heath impact. Goal: To assess the indoor air quality of the household using the “improved briquette” and identify the causes of the risk. Material and Method: This a cross-sectional survey, conducted from January 31, 2020 to April 31, 2020, data were obtained by quantitative, qualitative (observation, interview) and direct indoor air quality measurement. The survey sampling frame was 40 households in central 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar that used improved fuels (20 households with a history of carbon monoxide poisoning and 20 households that were not affected), and 14 households in the Nalaikh district that used raw coal, in total of 54 households were participated. Indoor air quality was measured by PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and microclimate per household for 24 hours during a week.
The statistical data analysis was done by the SPSS-23 program and preformed required parametric and non-parametric tests. The normality of the data was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The most of data was not normally distributed. So, thus we used median and used relevant non-parametric tests. The average level of microclimate indicators, and air quality indicators were defined as mean, median and its IQR and standard deviation. The 95% confidence intervals of mean and frequencies were determined and used to differentiate group differences.
The Ethical permission to start the survey was approved by the 2nd meeting of the Ministry of Health on February 4, 2020. The committee was reviewed and approved the research methodology based on whether data collection technique and tools are considered the ethical issues, and whether provided accurate information for make decisions to enroll to the survey for respondents. Results: According to the health statistic, from October 2, 2019 to March 31, 2020, a total of 2,768 people from 837 households were exposed to carbon monoxide poisoning. Of the total reported cases, 10 were drunk, and 2 were due to other disease complications, and a total of 2,756 cases were confirmed diagnosis as carbon monoxide poisoning.
Emissions of CO were recorded every 15 seconds and the results were calculated by conducting continuous measurements per household for 24 hours a week. The level of CO emitted into the indoor environment of households exposed by carbon monoxide had increased during the following time from 7 am to 9 am in the morning, from 13 pm to 15 pm, from 18 pm to 20 pm in the evening, and from 22 pm to 24 pm at night. During this period of time, the indoor air CO level had increased from the WHO mild poisoning recommendation level. Conclusion It has been defined that the carbon monoxide emits to the indoor air households which are using an improved fuel according to measurement the 30 minutes, 31-60 minutes, and 61-120 minutes after burning.

Introduction: Kidney disease is common in our country due to the four seasons and harsh climate. This article is discussed about the kidney health, causes, pathology and kidney on the relationship of other organs in traditional medicine. Methods: The study was processed using analysis and synthesis methods. Results:
1. The root nature of the five vital organs are included in the yang character organs which hot nature qualities in five elements. However, some of the five vital organs will be under the influence of that place, as they will be located in the place of the “badgan”, in the place of the “mkhris”, and in the place of the “rlung”.
2. Kidney disease is usually caused by falling from a height, hit and injured, lifting heavy things, jogging and twisting your back uncomfortably, sit for a long time in a damp place, water events excess, eating too sweets that are heavy and cold qualities. In medical practice, kidney disease is accompanied by heart disease and liver disease. Conclusion In according to traditional medicine main theory, kidneys are a solid vital organ that generates heat and warms the lower body because of the high blood flow through its, on the other hand they are cold character which are in the place of the “rlung”. The kidneys are functionally closely related to other organs therefore, to get sick the effects of disease on other organs.

Abstract: In Mongolia, flu and flu-like diseases affect many people, and pneumonia is a public health concern. Therefore, we have an urgent need to research and develop a new medicinal syrup to replace imported products using raw materials grown in Mongolia and to compare it with similar products. There are imported cough syrup products on the pharmaceutical market of Mongolia, but there are domestic pharmaceutical products. Moreover, there is limited research data on cough relief. The main goal of the research team is to compare the experimentally obtained syrup containing Plantago asiatica L, Malva Sylvestris L. and syrup containing Plantago major L. Juice, honey that produced by Monos Pharm LLC whish the cough relieving drug Gerbion syrup. Material and methods: The vivarium of the pharmacology laboratory, Drug research institute, TPC7062Ti mark IVC system (Shanghai Pretty Industries Co.,Ltd, China) in a special environment with one care and one feeding regimen (Lab Mice Diet, Constant Formula Balanced Nutrition, Jiangsu Xietong Pharmaceutical Bio- Engineering Co., LTD, China, www.jsxtsw.com ) used 64 non-WISTAR white rats weighing 180-218 g. Experimental rats were smoked with an aerosol of 17% citric acid aqueous solution for 5 minutes. The statistical processing of the research results was done using the One-Way ANOVA/Multiple comparisons data of the GraphPad Prism 8 program. Results and conclusion Expressing the number of coughs produced in the experimental rats as a percentage (%), the control group showed 3.95% cough relief, and the experimental group-1 by 48.4%, experimental group-2 by 71.1%, comparison group by 74.6%, respectively has reduced. Experimental group -2 and comparison group for dry cough caused by citric acid 17%, it affects the cough receptors in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and relaxes the bronchial muscles (A and C fiber).

Introduction: During this pandemic, overcrowding in classroom caused by a lack of educational facilities and poor indoor air quality are the main causes of respiratory diseases among children and adolescents. Therefore, it is essential to measure and assess the indoor air quality where children spend extended periods of time such as school. Materials and methods: This study covered four schools with old buildings and four schools with new buildings in Bayanzurkh, Sukhbaatar, Khan-Uul, Chingeltei district of Ulaanbaatar. We collected PM10 and PM2.5, carbon dioxide, air temperature, humidity, and microbiological count from chosen classrooms and compared to the MNS4585:2016 standard. SPSS-24 was used to do statistical analysis on the information gathered during the evaluation. Results and Discussion: The 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration was 64.3 (95% CI: 64.1-64.5) mcg/m3, which was 4.3 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.3 times higher than the MNS4585:2016 standard. The 24-hour average PM10 concentration was 85.3 (95 % CI: 85.1-85.6) mcg/m3, which is 1.9 times higher than WHO guideline value. In older school buildings, the 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration was 5.6 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.7 times higher than the MNS4585:2016; the average PM10 concentration was 2.8 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.3 times higher than the MNS4585:2016. The air temperature and carbon dioxide concentration in classroom was met the MNS4585: 2016. The average relative humidity of all schools is 24.2±6.5%, which is 14-16% lower than the MNS4585: 2016. Conclusion The indoor air quality of the school in new and old buildings was similar poor, therefore a variety of steps are needed to improve it.

Introduction: Soum and family health care centers (primary health care centers) provide public health services to reduce the negative effects of air pollution on health. In order to decrease the risk factors due to air pollution, it is crucial for health professionals, who are providing health care services to the public, to have the knowledge, attitude and practice to give an advice for residents on how to protect their health from air pollution. The “Air pollution and child health” report from WHO recommended that responsibility of health professionals must include knowing the latest information on air pollution, doing a research, spreading the knowledge, educating families and community and learning from them as well, proposing solutions, and finding a solution for policy developers and decision makers in other sectors. Therefore, we conducted this survey with purpose to determine the long-term effects of air pollution on population psychology and lifestyle and to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health professionals on how to protect a health from air pollution. Goal: Evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health professionals on air pollution. Material and Methods: In 2019, this study conducted a cross-sectional design and collected quantitative and qualitative data. 88.4% of (n=532) health professionals from 48 secondary health care centers (SHCC) and 64 family health care centers (FHCC), which are agents that implement UNICEF project, in Bayanzurkh, Songinokhairkhan districts and Bayankhongor aimag were participated in the survey. Results: 97.4% of the participants agreed that air pollution has negative effects on human health. 99.5% of participants did not know the Mongolian standard for the acceptable level of air pollutant particulate matter (PM) and 73.1% of all participants did not receive information about air quality index. 82.1% of participants regularly give prevention advice with the purpose of protecting maternal and child health from air. The participants who worked for more than 21 years and who are older than 51 years old were more likely to give advice (p<0.05). As for the reasons for not giving advice about air pollution for protecting the maternal and child health, 29.2% of participants answered the service time is not enough, and 22.9% mentioned the lack of knowledge and information. 30.5% (162) of participants were not satisfied with their skill to give an advice on how to protect maternal and child health from air pollution. 86.8% of participants indicated that they did not receive proper training on air pollution and prevention from air pollution. Conclusion There is a need to provide training and information on how to protect maternal and child health from air pollution for health professionals.

Introduction : Water is a vital resource for human existence and is essential for daily food processing, preparation, washing, hygiene, and sanitation. Furthermore, providing the population with safe drinking water is one of the pressing problems of the world and some regions.
In recent years, population density and the scale of commercial and industrial activities, as well as clean and dirty water consumption were increased in the capital city. As a result of these, ground and surface water resources are becoming scarce and polluted.
Therefore, assessment of daily drinking and residential water consumption of Ulaanbaatar should be determined to use drinking water properly in daily life and water loss. This study assessed the actual amount of households’ daily water consumption. Goal: The purpose of this study is to determine the daily consumption of drinking water for households in ger areas and apartments in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Method: This study covers 30 households in ger areas and 15 apartment households, in Ulaanbaatar. Household members performed 6-10 types of measurements every day, within 7 days. As a result of these measurements, actual consumption of water quantity used for drinking and household purposes was calculated. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Version 21 to calculate the true probability of difference between parameters. Result: 67.9% of the households in the ger areas were 4-5 family members. The average daily household consumption of drinking and domestic water were 68.3 ± 3.57 L (95% 61.3-75.3), the minimum consumption was 12 L, and the maximum was 227 L. Average of the household water consumption water was 97.6-108.9 liters during the weekends, and water consumption was statistically higher than weekdays (p=0.001; p=0.01).
The water consumption of residential households with 3 family members accounted for the majority (30.8%) in this study. The average daily consumption of drinking and domestic water was 297.67±19.7 liters. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.96) in week. The average daily water consumption including drinking and residential was 270.3-335.97 L.
The total daily drinking and residential water consumption per person was 15.57 L for households in ger areas and 90 L for apartment households. Calculating the daily water consumption of households in ger areas, 60.3% of it is used for laundry, washing dishes, food preparation, washing face and hands, and clothes, 31% for drinking, and 8.7% for outdoor water use. While apartment households, approximately 94.1%, were used for household and 5.9% for drinking purposes. Research ethics approval : This study was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health. In addition, this study was carried out according to the methods and methods discussed and approved at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health (Resolution No. 08). Conclusion The total daily consumption of drinking and residential water per person were 15.57 litres for the households in the ger areas and 90 litres for the apartment households. It implies that it does not exceed the WHO recommendations