The research on the smoking habits among 8th-to-12th grade students of schools was conducted using a random sampling method among the 13-18 years old school students.Materials and MethodsThe research was performed using a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative part of the research was performed by conducting surveys among randomly selected secondary school students according to prepared and approved questionnaires. The qualitative study was performed by organizing focus groups based on prepared discussion guidelines. Sampling: the survey participants were students in grades 8-12 from both public and private schools in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. A total of 1190 students from the 12 secondary schools of 6 districts were selected through random sampling.Resultsto the question of whether the participants have tried to smoke once or twice, 36,1% (407) responded positively. Among these respondents, 49.6% (272) are male and 23.2 (135) are female. This confirms the statistical data that male students are more exposed to the habit of smoking than female students (x2=57.8, p<0.01). The percentage of the currently smoking students is 11.2% (77) of whom 17.9% are male and 4.8% are female. Of the current smokers, 6.8% smoke every day (x2=48.3, p<0.01). The average age of taking up smoking was 14.0[±1.8] of which males students began using tobacco at 13.9[±1.8] years and females at 14.3[±1.6]. Among the smoking students, 10[±2.1]% were from public schools and 17.3[±2.8]% were from private schools (x2=8.1, p<0.01).

BACKGROUND: In Ulaanbaatar, the first case of the pandemic influenza infection has been reported on 12 October 2010.By November 9, a total of 929 cases laboratory-confirmed had been reported to National Center for CommunicableDiseases (NCCD). Of these cases reported, 9 people died.METHODS: The objectives of the study were to describe patients who admitted and hospitalized at NCCD and to determineoverall attack rates among health workers, secondary attack rates among students of colleges and universities. Datawas analyzed using Epi-Info2000.RESULTS: Among 929 of laboratory-confirmed cases, 50.3% (95% CI 43.0-57.5) were males aged 23 (±14.9) in averagewith youngest – 7 months, oldest – 76 years old. Data analysis by districts among the hospitalized patients, showed32.8% (139) of total cases in Bayanzurkh district including the first case of the pandemic influenza infection. The majorityof patients who admitted and hospitalized to NCCD mostly experienced fever (288, 68.1%), dry cough (251, 59.3%),headache (203, 48.0%), sore throat (175, 41.6%). With 1020 physicians and health workers in total, 41.4% (422) ofthem work at NCCD, 35.4% (361) – at MCHRC. 11.1% of health workers out of total become ill with pandemic H1N12009 (overall attack rate 11.1%) with the most common symptom, 380C and higher fever (100.0%, 113), sore throat(83.2%, 94), cough (76.1%, 86) and runny nose (59.3%, 67). The higher attack rates of health workers by occupationwere doctor (18.0%) and auxiliary (13%). The secondary attack rates among university students for influenza-likeillness(ILI) were 12.9%. These secondary attack rates were higher among students of art’s college as compared withother universities (52.4%). For students, the main clinical symptoms were fever + sore throat (75.0%, 18), fever+ cough(70.8%, 17).DISCUSSION: In China, as of 27 September, 2009, from reported total 19981 cases infected with pandemic influenza,61.0% were males, mean age was 17, mainly affected with 83% school students that consistent with our study result.The similar results on clinical symptoms were obtained in Russia. Out of 130 patients, 28.6% had 380Ñ and higherfever, for 54.3% the body temperature reached 38.1-390Ñ where as 17.1% - higher 390Ñ and 96% had cough, 89%had muscle ache, 65% had headache, 14% had diarrhea.

Introduction: According to CDC guideline, common changes in patient admitted due to pneumonia caused by COVID-19 are lymphopenia (63%), leukocytosis (24-30%), leukopenia (19-25%). Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), thrombocyte-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are important to evaluate prognosis of infectious diseases as well as cancer.
Hematological tests are important for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patient with COVID-19. Our study objective was to determine the changes of leukocyte, lymphocyte, thrombocyte, NLR, LMR, and PLR in imported cases of COVID-19 into Mongolia. Method: The data such as age, gender, and laboratory test of a total of 249 cases who admitted to National Center forCommuncable Diseases (NCCD) from March 11 to July 20, 2020 was collected from information system of clinical laboratory of NCCD. Peripheral blood tests were conducted by XN 550 which is fully automated hematological analizator of Sysmex corporation, Japan. Statistical analysis such as mean, standard deviation, probability range was done by Microsoft Excel SPSS -25 program. Result: Regarding to gender, 163 (66.5%) were male and 86 (34.5%) were female. Mean age was 26 with range age of 11-80. Statistic analysis on leukocyte (mean 6.38 x 10⁹/L; P <0.000), thrombocyte (mean 283 x 10⁹/L P <0.000), neutrophil (mean 3.33 x 10⁹L; P <0.000), lymphocyte {mean 2.3 x 10⁹/L; P <0.000), NLR (mean 1.6, P <0.000), PLR parameter (mean 141.8 P <0.000> were revealed. Leukopenia (<3.98) were in 17 (6.8%), leukocytosis (>10.0) were in 11 (4.4%) cases. Lymphopenia (<1.18) were in 14 (5.6%), lymphocytosis (>3.74) were in 14 (5.6%) cases. Thrombocytosis (>369) were in 21 (8,4%), thrombocytopenia (<163) were in 4(1.6%) cases. Neutropenia (<1.56) were in 14 (5.6%) neutrophilia (>6.13) were in 15 (6%). The rest 220 (88.3%) cases have been determined no changes. PLR were 141.8 ±88.6, NLR were in 1.29 ±1.26 in 249 cases. Increased NLR and decreased PLR were in 10 (4.0%) and 114 (45.7%); increased PLR and decreased PLR in 31 (12.4%) and 28 (11.2%), respectively. Discussion Our result which is leukocytosis in 4.4%, leukopenia in 6.8%, lymphopenia in 5.6% of all imported eases ol"CO\ 1D-W. are similar to other studies. However, percentage of changes were lower than similar studies due to low rate of severe cases. It suggests, further studies clinical stages and severity of the infection need to be conducted.

Introduction: Beginning 15 May 2019, the consumption of raw coal in Ulaanbaatar has been replaced by the consumption of briquette fuel for the improvement of air quality according to Governmental Resolution No.62 adopted in 2018. Since after this resolution has been in placed the number of CO poisoning has been increased as of 18 December 2019, nine persons were died and 1394 people get a health care service due to CO poisoning. However, it has been not been assessed briquette affect to the indoor air quality and its health impact. Thus, it is need urge to define the indoor air quality effect of briquette and its heath impact. Goal: To assess the indoor air quality of the household using the “improved briquette” and identify the causes of the risk. Material and Method: This a cross-sectional survey, conducted from January 31, 2020 to April 31, 2020, data were obtained by quantitative, qualitative (observation, interview) and direct indoor air quality measurement. The survey sampling frame was 40 households in central 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar that used improved fuels (20 households with a history of carbon monoxide poisoning and 20 households that were not affected), and 14 households in the Nalaikh district that used raw coal, in total of 54 households were participated. Indoor air quality was measured by PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and microclimate per household for 24 hours during a week.
The statistical data analysis was done by the SPSS-23 program and preformed required parametric and non-parametric tests. The normality of the data was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The most of data was not normally distributed. So, thus we used median and used relevant non-parametric tests. The average level of microclimate indicators, and air quality indicators were defined as mean, median and its IQR and standard deviation. The 95% confidence intervals of mean and frequencies were determined and used to differentiate group differences.
The Ethical permission to start the survey was approved by the 2nd meeting of the Ministry of Health on February 4, 2020. The committee was reviewed and approved the research methodology based on whether data collection technique and tools are considered the ethical issues, and whether provided accurate information for make decisions to enroll to the survey for respondents. Results: According to the health statistic, from October 2, 2019 to March 31, 2020, a total of 2,768 people from 837 households were exposed to carbon monoxide poisoning. Of the total reported cases, 10 were drunk, and 2 were due to other disease complications, and a total of 2,756 cases were confirmed diagnosis as carbon monoxide poisoning.
Emissions of CO were recorded every 15 seconds and the results were calculated by conducting continuous measurements per household for 24 hours a week. The level of CO emitted into the indoor environment of households exposed by carbon monoxide had increased during the following time from 7 am to 9 am in the morning, from 13 pm to 15 pm, from 18 pm to 20 pm in the evening, and from 22 pm to 24 pm at night. During this period of time, the indoor air CO level had increased from the WHO mild poisoning recommendation level. Conclusion It has been defined that the carbon monoxide emits to the indoor air households which are using an improved fuel according to measurement the 30 minutes, 31-60 minutes, and 61-120 minutes after burning.

Introduction: Kidney disease is common in our country due to the four seasons and harsh climate. This article is discussed about the kidney health, causes, pathology and kidney on the relationship of other organs in traditional medicine. Methods: The study was processed using analysis and synthesis methods. Results:
1. The root nature of the five vital organs are included in the yang character organs which hot nature qualities in five elements. However, some of the five vital organs will be under the influence of that place, as they will be located in the place of the “badgan”, in the place of the “mkhris”, and in the place of the “rlung”.
2. Kidney disease is usually caused by falling from a height, hit and injured, lifting heavy things, jogging and twisting your back uncomfortably, sit for a long time in a damp place, water events excess, eating too sweets that are heavy and cold qualities. In medical practice, kidney disease is accompanied by heart disease and liver disease. Conclusion In according to traditional medicine main theory, kidneys are a solid vital organ that generates heat and warms the lower body because of the high blood flow through its, on the other hand they are cold character which are in the place of the “rlung”. The kidneys are functionally closely related to other organs therefore, to get sick the effects of disease on other organs.

Abstract: In Mongolia, flu and flu-like diseases affect many people, and pneumonia is a public health concern. Therefore, we have an urgent need to research and develop a new medicinal syrup to replace imported products using raw materials grown in Mongolia and to compare it with similar products. There are imported cough syrup products on the pharmaceutical market of Mongolia, but there are domestic pharmaceutical products. Moreover, there is limited research data on cough relief. The main goal of the research team is to compare the experimentally obtained syrup containing Plantago asiatica L, Malva Sylvestris L. and syrup containing Plantago major L. Juice, honey that produced by Monos Pharm LLC whish the cough relieving drug Gerbion syrup. Material and methods: The vivarium of the pharmacology laboratory, Drug research institute, TPC7062Ti mark IVC system (Shanghai Pretty Industries Co.,Ltd, China) in a special environment with one care and one feeding regimen (Lab Mice Diet, Constant Formula Balanced Nutrition, Jiangsu Xietong Pharmaceutical Bio- Engineering Co., LTD, China, www.jsxtsw.com ) used 64 non-WISTAR white rats weighing 180-218 g. Experimental rats were smoked with an aerosol of 17% citric acid aqueous solution for 5 minutes. The statistical processing of the research results was done using the One-Way ANOVA/Multiple comparisons data of the GraphPad Prism 8 program. Results and conclusion Expressing the number of coughs produced in the experimental rats as a percentage (%), the control group showed 3.95% cough relief, and the experimental group-1 by 48.4%, experimental group-2 by 71.1%, comparison group by 74.6%, respectively has reduced. Experimental group -2 and comparison group for dry cough caused by citric acid 17%, it affects the cough receptors in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and relaxes the bronchial muscles (A and C fiber).

Background: Rhododendron adamsii (Sagaan Dalya) is a medical plant widely distributed in the Altai region, Mongolia, and Russia. It is traditionally used for its calming, restorative, and immune-boosting properties. Inflammation is a complex immune response against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, involving macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, and neutrophils. These cells release inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-1β. In collaboration with the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, a project was initiated to investigate the bioactive fractions of Rh. rosea (L.) and Rh. adamsii and their effects on the production of TLR4 signaling end products and associated protein activation. Previous studies within this project have shown that certain bioactive fractions exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, fraction 7.11 suppressed NO production and inflammatory signaling molecules in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, while fractions 7.46 and 7.52 influenced the phosphorylation of proteins such as ERK1/2, JNK, and IRF3. These findings suggest the need for further investigation into the effects of Rh. adamsii bioactive fractions on inflammatory signaling pathways. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effects of bioactive fractions derived from Rhododendron adamsii on the production of TLR4 signaling end products in RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures and bioactive fractions extracted from Rh. adamsii, dividing the experiments into three groups. After stabilization, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS. Based on previous studies, non-toxic concentrations of bioactive fractions (10 µg/mL) were applied. NO production was measured using the Griess assay, while TNF-α and IFN-β cytokine levels were evaluated using ELISA. Each experiment were repeated three times, and data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.0, applying One-way ANOVA and Independent Samples T-test. Results: The NO production in the positive control group was significantly higher compared to the negative control. In contrast, the experimental groups showed a statistically significant reduction in NO production, suggesting a potential inhibitory effect on TLR4 signaling in macrophages. However, fraction 7.48 reduced TNF-α levels while increasing IFN-β production, but these changes were not statistically significant. Similarly, fraction 7.55 slightly reduced TNF-α and IFN-β levels, but the effect was also statistically unsignificant. Conclusion The bioactive fractions 7.48 and 7.55 of Rh. Adamsii reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated macrophage cell line cultures, suggesting that they may inhibit TLR4 signaling. However, their lack of effect on TNF-α and IFN-β production indicates that they do not influence TLR4 signaling mediated by these cytokines. Instead, they may affect the final product output through other pathways or different stages of signal transduction.

ABSTRACT. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS, is common oral disorder of uncertain etiopathogenesis for which only symptomatic therapy is available. This article reviews the current clinical features of RAS among study patients and the result of therapeutic effects of the herbal preparation Akhizunber. Over the past four years we have treated 61 RAS patients with different clinical forms by herbal preparation Akhizunber or Alumekatin. The distribution of clinical forms RAS RAS among study patients were minor aphthae -75.4%, major aphthae -16.4% and herpetiform ulcers -8.2% respectively. The healing time of treated Akhizunber was in minor aphthae -9.28±4.82 days, major aphthae -14 days and herpetiform ulcers -12 days. Of the total study participants, the patients treated by Akhizunber reported a rapid and complete recovery from RAS during treatment compared with treated patients by Alumekatin. Treatment with herbal preparation Akhizunber can be effective for patients suffering from RAS in any clinic form, regardless of their ulcer number and size.

Introduction: During this pandemic, overcrowding in classroom caused by a lack of educational facilities and poor indoor air quality are the main causes of respiratory diseases among children and adolescents. Therefore, it is essential to measure and assess the indoor air quality where children spend extended periods of time such as school. Materials and methods: This study covered four schools with old buildings and four schools with new buildings in Bayanzurkh, Sukhbaatar, Khan-Uul, Chingeltei district of Ulaanbaatar. We collected PM10 and PM2.5, carbon dioxide, air temperature, humidity, and microbiological count from chosen classrooms and compared to the MNS4585:2016 standard. SPSS-24 was used to do statistical analysis on the information gathered during the evaluation. Results and Discussion: The 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration was 64.3 (95% CI: 64.1-64.5) mcg/m3, which was 4.3 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.3 times higher than the MNS4585:2016 standard. The 24-hour average PM10 concentration was 85.3 (95 % CI: 85.1-85.6) mcg/m3, which is 1.9 times higher than WHO guideline value. In older school buildings, the 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration was 5.6 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.7 times higher than the MNS4585:2016; the average PM10 concentration was 2.8 times higher than the WHO guideline value and 1.3 times higher than the MNS4585:2016. The air temperature and carbon dioxide concentration in classroom was met the MNS4585: 2016. The average relative humidity of all schools is 24.2±6.5%, which is 14-16% lower than the MNS4585: 2016. Conclusion The indoor air quality of the school in new and old buildings was similar poor, therefore a variety of steps are needed to improve it.

Background: Diseases of the digestive system are one of the leading causes of global morbidity, and liver disease is the leading cause, accounting for 52.34% of 100,000 population in Asian countries. In Mongolia, cirrhosis accounted for 32.4% of all liver diseases in 2019.
In traditional medical treatment, liver cirrhosis is included in the scope of chronic diseases and compared with liver’s smug po disease for treatment. In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of action of Tumrinn talkh-7, which is widely used in the treatment of liver diseases, especially in the treatment of liver diseases. Materials and methods: In our study, we used the book named “Oral Instruction Tantra” as main reference material and for research methods, we used the checklist method to list relevant information about the pathogenesis of liver smug po and Tumriin Talkh-7 traditional drug from the literature, so as to provide preconditions for further analysis. The pathogenesis of liver smug po and the action mechanism of Tumriin Talkh-7 were analyzed by theoretical analysis methods and the analysis-synthesis method was used to summarize the analysis results. Results: Due to the hot conditions, the blood heat will increase occur. Due to the cold conditions, food absorption is impaired bad blood is formed in the liver. This is how Smug po disease occurs. Tumriin talkh-7 traditional drugs should be analyzed in relation to the transformation of liver smug po disease.
Iron dust is treating heat liver smug po removed.
Calcitu-CaCO3 is clear phlegm heat.
Dracocephallum foetidum Bge. is cures stomach and liver heat.
Inula helenium L. is equable and cures all liver Smug po diseases.
Saussurea lappa L. is sharp, warm nature, regulating wind-blood disorder.
Trogopterus xanthipes mine Edwards is treating old liver disease.
Carthamus tinctorius L. is saffron cures all liver diseases. Conclusions Pathological blood caused by cold and heat factors leads to liver smug po disease. Tumriin Talkh-7 is a cold drug with the effect of treating hot liver smug po disease.