Introduction: Leading cause of mortality was cardiovascular disease alone last two decade and occurs5500-6000 deaths annually in Mongolia. Familial hypercholesterolemia is the most common inheritedmetabolic disorders and is characterized by severely elevated LDL-cholesterol levels. The prevalenceof the heterozygous state has been estimated at 1 in 200 to 1 in 500 and of the homozygous state from1 in 160,000 to 1 in 1,000, 000.Goal: To identify Heterozygous Familial hypercholesterolemia among the patients with cardiovasculardisease and study clinical features.Materials and Methods: After view medical examination patients with coronary heart disease andcerebral vascular disease, we selected 183 patients among 26 family who possible to have HeterozygousFamilial hypercholesterolemia. We analyzed family history, clinical examination and lipid parameters.And identifi ed Heterozygous Familial hypercholesterolemia by diagnostic criteria of Netherlands.Results: The mean age for males was 42.3±14, for females was 45.8±15 and gender distribution was42.6% (78) male, 57.4% (105) female. Hypertension occurred in 80.9% (148). BMI was increasedwith age in both sexes (P<0.001). The frequency of tendon xanthoma was 26.8% (49) and cornealarcus was 36.6% (67). The level of total cholesterol and LDL-C were signifi cantly elevated in patients.Identity Heterozygous Familial hypercholesterolemia by criteria of Netherlands was certain-36.1%,probable-42.6%, possible-18.6%, unlikely FH-2.7%.Conclusion: Identifi cation of these individuals at an early age and an aggressive treatment of all knownrisk factors are important for reduce mortality of cardiovascular disease. The Netherland’s criteria issuitable for diagnosing Familial hypercholesterolemia in the Mongolian population, although it does notdiagnose the condition at the genetic level.

Background: The Incidence of Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) in childhood compare to adulthood not very common. The multifactorial etiology ICH may involve coagulation disturbance, venousinfarction, infection, heart congenital abnormalities, birth asphyxia and trauma. ICH is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates and it’s related to vitamin K deficiency. The previous studies have shown, that 37.8% of children with Cerebral Palsy and 31.2% of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy had ICH and 48.2% of dead premature infants due to ICH. The number of infants with ICH are increasing year by year. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and explore influential factors and causes of ICH among infants in own country.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted atseveral departments such as PICU, neurology, and cardiology of the State Maternal and Child Health Research of Mongolia. Sixty one patient with ICH involved in the case group and one hundred twenty two infants were involved in control group.Statistical methods. The Mann Whitney U and Fisher’sexact tests were used to compare clinical characteristics of thecontrol infants and infants with ICH. Ethics. The present study was approved by the ethics committee of the MoH and MCHRC. Informedparental consent was obtained for each patient before entry into the study.Results: Among children with ICH 95.1% were under one year and just 4.9% were aged 1-5 years. The following causes of ICH in infants aged under one year were identified: hemorrhagic disorder-39.7%; HIE-13.3%, trauma- 10.4%, unknown reason-12.1% and congenital heart abnormality- 3.4% and Intrauterine infection – 3.4%. However, most common cause of ICH among children aged 1-5 years was trauma – 66.7%, and 33.3% were related to infection.Conclusion:1. The incidence of ICH is high among infants.2. The most common cause of ICH among children were hemorrhagic disorder-37.7%; HIE-13.1%; trauma-13.1%; infection-sepsis -14.8%; intrauterine infection- 9.9%; congenital abnormality of the brain- 3.3% and congenital heart defect-3.3%.3. Influential factors of ICH are preeclampsia (OR=8.6), CS (OR=3.4), newborn asphyxia (OR=3.3) and pathological jaundice (OR=6.8).

Background and Purpose Liver disease that caused by iron metabolism failure is called Hemochromatosis (clinically “Bronze diabetes”, “Over spotted liver cirrhosis”). The two types of hemochromatosis are primary and secondary. Primary hemochromatosis is caused by a defect in the genes that control how much iron the human body absorb from food. Secondary hemochromatosis usually is the result of another disease or condition that causes iron overload. According to the study there is a real need to study the clinical reveals of hemachromatosis in Mongolian patients. The purpose of the study to determine the hemachromatosis in patients with liver cirrhosis and cancer.Methods and Materials: The study involved 68 patients with diagnosis Liver cirrhosis and HCC (1st stage) who were hospitalized in Clinic of Gastroenterology of Shastin clinical hospital and “Shagdarsuren” Hepatic hospital from April to July, 2011. All patients were increased blood iron and iron compounded proteins (ferritin, transferrin). DNA analyze have made in Molecular Biological Laboratory of Institute of Biology, Mongolia. Sequencing assay has made in Molecular Biological Laboratory of Humboldt University, Germany.Results. The patient’s age was 25-86, the mid aging – 55.42±1.7. The allele frequencies of the C282Y, H63D, and S65C mutation (which in chromosome 6) were 16/136, 11.7% (heterozygous 7, homozygous 2), 9/136, 6.6% (heterozygous 0, homozygous 9), 3/136, 2.2% (heterozygous 0, homozygous 3), equally 28/136, 20.5% (heterozygous 7, homozygous 14). Conclusions. In conclusion, the occurrence of the C282Y, H63D, and S65C mutation within HFE in this studied cohort of hereditary hemochromatosis. Therefore, these data incline that other factors than the HFE gene may play a role in determining hereditary hemochromatosis in Mongolians.

Background: Headache is a common disorder among population. 47% of population of the world suffers from the primary headache. Due to the chronic lasting process of headaches, individuals lose productivity, get depression because of negative impact on people’s quality of life and economic status.
Headache disorders are amongst the top ten causes of disability in Europe [4]. Three of these (migraine, tension-type headache and medication-overuse headache) are important in primary care because they are common and responsible for almost all headache-related burden.
The burden is immense on workers, women and children in terms of missing work and school days. The personal and social burden of primary headache is high. Health, occupational, social, and psychological factors contributing to burden in people with disabling headache have not been fully unraveled. Headache disorders are not perceived by the public as serious since they are mostly episodic, do not cause death, and are not contagious. A large number of people with headache disorders are not diagnosed and treated: worldwide only 40% of those with migraine or tension-type headache (TTH) are professionally diagnosed and only 10% of those with medication-overuse headache (MOH).
There are no studies on the burden and disability assessment in patients with primary headache in our country, therefore a need for conducting this study. Goal: The burden and disability assessment in patients with primary headache in Mongolian adults. Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study was carried out from June to November of 2017. Participants aged 18-65 years old randomly were selected from four aimags of Mongolia and three districts of Ulaanbaatar city. They were visited by door to door calling and surveyed using the HARDSHIP and Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire. The diagnosis of headache was made using the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 beta. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS-23 program, and level of depression in headache present patients was determined by odds ratio (OR). Study methodology introduced at Ethical review Committee of “Ach” Medical University and approved in 2017 (№17/3/2). Results: There were 2043 participants 39.7% and 60.3% of them were men and women respectively. The mean age of them was 38.0±13.4 years. 57.4% (n=1173) of participants had headache, and 27.4%, 30.0%, 11.2% and 7.5% of them had migraine, tension-type headache, chronic headache and medication overuse headache respectively. 42% of participants with headache had the median duration of suffering 7 years (IQR=3-13 years). Out of 1173 participants with headache 20.7% had depression. 23% of participants with migraine had depression whereas 68.2 % and 47% of participants with chronic headache and medicine overuse headache had depression respectively. Participants with migraine were 1.85 (OR: 1.85, CI: 95%, 1.39-2.47) times, with chronic headache 3.40 (OR: 3.40, CI: 95%, 2.04-5.67) times and medicine overuse headache 3.31 (OR: 3.31, CI: 95%, 1,50-7.30) times more likely to suffer from depression compare to participants with no headache.
People with migraine loses their productivity 10.6 days/m, with chronic headache 19.7 days/m, with MOH 20.3 days/ m. According the MIDAS (migraine disability assessment) people with migraine has mild disability, while people with chronic headache and MOH had middle score of disability. Conclusion The prevalence of primary headaches is high among Mongolian adults. These headaches cause disability, impair work, study and daily activities, decrease life quality, and brings unrecognized socioeconomic burden.

BackgroundThere are 137 soums of 17 provinces have plague foci in Mongolia. The 51.7% of them is case, 23.4%- low, 9.5% - high, 0.7% - hyper active. Main host of plague foci is marmot in Mongolia. According last20 year’s surveillance study, about 75.5% of Y.pestis was isolated from marmot, marmot carcassesand their flea. Human plague cases has been caused illegal hunting marmot in Mongolia. Even legaldocument which prohibited marmot hunting was appeared since 2005, people has been hunting marmotfor selling marmot meat, skin and other products. It is depends economy crises and other public issues inMongolia. Also influenced increase risk of human plague and being reverse result in plague preventionactivities.Materials and MethodsStudy was used data of rodent for zoonotic diseases suspicious which tested plague in National centerfor zoonotic disease (NCZD) in 2005-2015 and 13 local center for zoonotic diseases in 1988-2015. Datawas kept in NCZD and National archival authority. For mapping we used Arc View 3.2.ResultsTotally 397 event information of suspicious rodents and other animals was received in NCZD from 8 districtsof Ulaanbaatar city in 2002-2015. Most of information was received from Songinokhairkhan-64.2%district and smallest number was from Nalaikh district-0.3%. 92.2% of them were marmot, 0.1% of themwere marmot raw products for treatment purpose. Totally 1285 animal samples were tested by plaguedisease and the result was negative. Five hundred thirty tree marmots were carried to Ulaanbaatar from10 provinces. In that time plague foci were active and Y.pestis was isolated in provinces which marmotwas carried to Ulaanbaatar.In 1988-2015, totally 257 marmots and animals of 515 event information was received in15 provinces.Including 13.2% of them were birds, 84% of them marmot, 1.6% of them were livestock, 1.2% of themother animals. About 216 marmots were tested by plague. 51.2% of them were detected positive results.We develop conclusion based laboratory investigation result even it need high cost to take earlyprevention and response measures.Conclusion1. It is high risk to spread plague by carrying suspicious animal in urban area. Therefore, it is importantto take early response measures even it high cost. In further, increase cost and support rapid test ofhigh technology.2. To organize rational advertisement and increase knowledge of population about not doing illegalhunting, not selling marmot raw products in urban area, not using marmot raw products for treatmentuse and avoid contact with marmot carcasses.3. It is important to cooperate joint response measures with policeman, inspection agency andveterinary and human health sectors in Mongolia.

Background: The primary headache disorders are one of the most common complaints among children and adolescents. Migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) are the most frequently types of primary headache, with prevalence of approximately 9.1% for migraine and 10–24% for TTH among children.
The aim of this study was to determine the 1-year prevalence and some risk factors of primary headache disorders in school-aged children. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional, school-based survey consisting of semi-structured questionnaires was administered to randomly select aged 6-11 years using stratified multistage cluster sampling during the period from April to June 2018. The questionnaire of primary headache was based on International Classification of Headache Disorders-III criteria. Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS, version 21. Student’s T-test, chi-square test and analysis of variance were used for comparisons when appropriate. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: We surveyed totally 635 participants; the one-year prevalence of all types of headache was 54.6%. Prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache was 3.0% and 5.4%, respectively. Elucidated biometric and socio-demographic risk factors showed statistically significant difference in prevalence of migraine: type of household, life situation and residential quarter. Conclusion Our study found that frequency of prevalence of primary headaches among the school-aged children is relatively high and comparable with other countries.

Background: Headache disorders are most prevalent public-health problem. Worldwide, among the adults 46% suffer from primary headache, where the migraine presents 11% and tension type headache (TTH) presents 25%. Recently, one type of the primary headache, medication overuse headache tends to increase. Nowadays, there is no sufficient study about primary headache in Mongolia. So that, it is necessary to investigate prevalence, clinical type and risk factors of the primary headache. Purpose: To study prevalence and risk factors of primary headache in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from June to November of 2017. Participants aged 18-65 years old were randomly selected from four provinces and three districts of Ulaanbaatar city. The diagnosis of headache was made using the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 beta. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS-23 program. Results: A total of 2043 participants (812 men and 1231 women) were reviewed. The participant’s average age was 38.6±13.4years. 1350 (66.1%) participants reported recurrent headache within the last 1 year. Of the total study population, the prevalence rate of primary headache was 1305 (63.9%). Number of people who suffered from migraine was 494 (24.2%), significantly greater in female than male participants (p=0.0001), with most frequent attacks at age 26-45 years. The risk of migraine associated with sex, education and family history (p=0.001). 592 (29.0%) of participants had TTH, mean age of them was 37.7±5.24, significant high rate in female than men, risk of TTH depends on education and job. The medication overuse headache was diagnosed at 116 (5.7%), 29.4% in men and 70.5% in women with average of 45.6±11.4 and 43±12.7 respectively. Among the participants 38.6% used medications, 28% people had one drug, 8.5% two drugs and 2% used three or more drugs. Use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) made up major percent in headache patients. Increased frequency of medication and multidrug affected to medication overuse headache (p=0.008). Conclusion More than half of studied population had primary headache. Migraine was in 24.2%, TTH in 29.0% of people, and associated with sex, education and family history. Use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs made up major percent in headache patients.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) (OMIM#143890) is the most common metabolic autosomal disorder. The prevalence of the homozygous FH has been reported as 1 in a million in the general population, compared to much more mild form heterozygous FH with prevalence of 1 in 200-500. Mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), proprotein convertase subtilin/kexin9 (PCSK9), and low-density lipoprotein receptor adapter protein 1 (LDLRAP1) genes have been linked to FH. These mutations result in a disorder in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) catabolism, and significantly increasing the levels of LDL-C, total cholesterol in serum, leading to specific clinical signs such as tendon xanthoma, corneal arcus, cardiovascular diseases, and early death from coronary heart disease if left unattended. Therefore, there is an ardent need for early diagnosis followed by aggressive therapeutic intervention and lifestyle modification. Currently, FH can be diagnosed either clinically or genetically. There have three main clinical diagnostic criteria for FH: the US MedPed Program, the Simon Broom Register Group in the UK, and the Netherland’s criteria. The occurrence of so many different LDLR mutations and their widespread distribution throughout the gene imposes severe practical limitations on simple genetic screening. Indeed, exon by exon sequencing of LDLR and other genes in each patient is the best screening genetic methods of choice. Although the hypercholesterolemia associated with FH can be controlled with cholesterol-lowering drug therapy (statins and other), patient response can vary quite widely.

Introduction: Gastric cancer is still one of the most leading causes of mortality in the world. The highest mortality rate of gastric cancer is estimated in Mongolia. South Korea and Japan, where leading the incidence of gastric cancer, mortality rates are observed in 51th and 31nd rank respectively. In Mongolia, gastric cancer is the second leading site, after liver cancer. Goal: We aimed to determine the cause of late diagnosis of gastric cancer and to evaluate supply of upper endoscopy devices and human resource for gastric cancer in the general hospital of provinces and districts. Materials and Methods: In this study, 84 patients suffering from gastric cancer (42 patients in III, IV TNM stage; 42 patients in I, II TNM stage)were investigated in National Cancer Center, Mongolia. A survey questionnaire which included age, gender, education, income, risk factors and clinical questions was detected from all patients. And we conducted study of supply of upper endoscopy devices and human resource for gastric cancer in general hospitals of from 21 provinces and general hospitals of 6 districts by questionnaire. Results: Seventy three(86.9%) patients were over 50 years old and the highest rates of gastric cancer were in group of 61-70 years (40.5%). From the results, the reason to visiting hospital was significantly different between two groups. 55.1% of patients suffering from early-stage gastric cancer were voluntarily diagnosed by upper endoscopy. In contrary, 55.8% of patients suffering from late-stage gastric cancer have visited the hospital due to worsening symptoms or dysphagia and vomiting. Factors such as age, gender, education, employment status and income had no significant effect on late diagnosis of gastric cancer. In totally 24(89%)general hospitals out of 27 had upper endoscopy devices and 22 (81.5%) hospitals had endoscopist. Although 75% of total general hospitals conduct annual cancer screening, 64% of them do not perform the endoscopy in annual screening. Conclusion In our country, late diagnosis of gastric cancer is related to the attitudes of patients for preventing and screening disease. Therefore, it is important to improve the health education of the population and to develop healthy, right attitudes and practices. And the study revealed that general hospitals have insufficient for upper endoscopy devices and human resource.

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and mortality per 100,000 population in Mongolia is the highest in the world. The individual’s genetic factors and new genetic changes are considered an important effect on the origin and development cancer. We aimed to investigate whether p53R72P polymorphisms were associated with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mongolian patients. Material and Method: p53R72P polymorphisms were evaluated in 80 controls and 38 HCC cases using a PCRrestriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Results: The mean age was 58.5±13.6 years in the case group and 63.2±8.1 years in the control group. Hepatocellular carcinoma is most common in 50-59 (n=14, 36.8%) and 60-69 (n=14, 36.8%) ages. Of the HCC group, 4 (10.8%) were diagnosed with tumor at stage II, 23 (62.2%) at stage III, and 11 (27%) at stage IV.
The results revealed that the heterozygous (Arg/Pro (PR)) genotype of p53R72P increased statistically significant the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (OR=4.222, 95% CI 1.669-10.684) compared to the wildtype (R/R) genotype. (p=0.002). Moreover, the homozygous (Pro/Pro (P/P)) genotype of p53R72P increased the risk of carcinoma (OR=1.333, 95% CI 0.414-4.299) but not statistically significant. (p=0.63). Heterozygous (Arg/Pro (PR)) genotype of p53R72P in the tumor tissue was associated with a statistically significant (OR=3.3, 95% CI 1.274-8.57) increase in the risk of HCC (p=0.014). Pro/Pro (PP) genotype increased the risk of the carcinoma by 2.4 times (OR=2.44, 95% CI 0.865-6.908), but it was not significant. (p=0.092). Pro/Pro (PP) genotype of p53R72P in the tumor tissue compared to normal tissue of a case group increased the risk of cancer by 1.8 times (OR=1.833, 95% CI 0.472- 7.126), which was not statistically significant (p=0.382). Conclusion Taken together, Heterozygous (Arg/Pro (PR)) genotype of p53R72P increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mongolians. Further studies with larger populations are needed to confirm these results.