No abstract available.
Osmolar Concentration*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of dry eye on the corneal thickness measured by Orbscan and ultrasonic pachymetry. METHODS: The central corneal thickness was measured by both ultrasonic and Orbscan pachymetry in 30 eyes with dry eye (dry eye group) and in 30 eyes of normal subjects (control group). Dry eye was diagnosed when a Schirmer test result was less than 10 mm (after topical anesthesia) and the test for tear osmolarity was also performed. RESULTS: Tear osmolarity was 364.4+/-42.9 mOsm/L in dry eye group and 337.8+/-34.5 mOsm/L in control group. It was significantly higher in dry eye group than in the control group (p=0.011). Mean central corneal thickness measured by Orbscan pachymetry was 547.5+/-27.3 microgram in dry eye group and 562.0+/-20.4 microgram in the control group. It was significantly thinner in dry eye group than in the control group (p=0.023). Mean central corneal thickness measured by ultrasonic pachymetry was 535.7+/-27.2 microgram in dry eye group and 547.6+/-20.1 microgram in the control group with out significant difference between the two groups (p=0.059). CONCLUSIONS: The corneal thickness measured by ultrasonic pachymetry is less affected by dry eye compared to that measured by Orbscan pachymetry.
Osmolar Concentration ; Ultrasonics*

156 patients with chronic renal failure and 40 medical students with normal health were studied. Early - Morning urine osmolality and urine 24h osmolality were measured. The authors concluded; Early-Morning urine osmolality related with renal concentration function better than urine sample 24h osmolality.
Kidney Failure ; Urination ; Osmolar Concentration

99 patients aged 15 – 87 years old were hospitalized at Bach Mai Hospital from June 1998 to Feb.2003, among them 51 cases were diagnosed as sufferring from diabetes and in 48 other, diabetes were still not diagnosed. At admission, average blood level of glucose 18,97+/_8,1 mmol. In 35-50% of studied cases, plasma osmolarity >300 mOsmol/kg H2O during monitored time. There was no statistically significant difference between various groups in the variation of glucose plasma level .In 10-20% of cases, there was an increase of 145 mmol/l of natrium in plasma
Hyperglycemia ; Osmolar Concentration ; Plasma ; Electrolytes ; Emergencies

The effect of mannitol on serum osmolality(Sosm) was studied in 13 patients with increased intracranial pressure(Group I ) and 14 normal men(GroupII ). All of the Patients in Gtoup I were given 0.5 g/kg dose of mannitol radipidly and blood samples for Sosm were taken at 30 rninutes intetvals for the first one hour and at hourly intervals for the next 5 hours after mannitol infusion. Seven of Group II(Iia) received 0.5 g /kg dose of mannitol and the other 7 ( II b) received 1.0 g / kg, Blood samples for Sosm and electrolytes were taken at the same intervals for the same duration as in Group I expept for additionai blood samples every 5 rninutes during the first 30 minutes. In Group I there was no significant rise in Sosm even 30 minutes after mannitol infusion. In Group Iia and Iib, a maximum increase of 6 mOsm / kg, 14 mOsm / kg was observed at about 5 minutes, 25 minutes after mannitol infusion respectiveiy, which returned to baseline in about 1 hour and 4 hours respectively. The 1.0g /kg dose of mannitol produced a significant and relatively persistent increase in Sosm probably enough to reduce the ICP, but at dose of 0.5 g / kg there was minimal increase in Sosm; which seemed to be insufficient to reduce the ICP significantly as claimed in previous reports that there must be a Sosm rise of at least 10 mOsm / kg to have a significant reduction in ICP. Also, to detemine the loss of water and electrolytes through urine after mannitol administration, the urine volume and electrolytes were measeured at 30 minutes intervals for the first one hour and then every hour thereafter for six hours in normal men(Group II). Water and electrolytes excretion rates and urinary sodium concentrations were calculated in each interval. The author believes that these data would be useful in estimating the amount of water and electrolytes that has to be replaced.
Electrolytes* ; Humans ; Mannitol* ; Osmolar Concentration* ; Sodium

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Osmolar Concentration* ; Specific Gravity*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Deamino Arginine Vasopressin* ; Humans ; Osmolar Concentration*

To investigate the osmolality of commercially supplied drugs used in anesthesia, the authors measured the osmolality of a total of 62 drugs with osmometer using the principle of freezing point depression. The osmolality range of drugs observed was 0-12,478 mOsm/kg water. The drugs of osmolality between 240 and 340 mOsm/kg water were 21(34%). Hypertonic drugs(<240 mOsm/kg water) were 18(29%) indicating two-thirds of the drugs were hypo-or hypertonic. Therefore, it is recommended that extreme hypo-or hypertonic drugs should be administered cautiously especially when they are administered rapidly and massively in order to prevent hemolysis or cell shrinkage.
Anesthesia* ; Depression ; Freezing ; Hemolysis ; Osmolar Concentration* ; Water

No abstract available.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Osmolar Concentration* ; Sperm Motility* ; Spermatozoa*

The influences of osmolarity on the cardiac muscle contraction were investigated in cat papillary muscles. The muscle was immersed in the modified Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate solutions containing various Ca ion concentrations and osmolarities and the resultant changes in maximum developed tension, rate of development of tension and time to maximum tension were analyzed. Following are the results. 1) Mean length of papillary muscle used was 9.3+/-0.60mm, end mean cross-sectional area was l. 73+/-0.07 mm2. Normal contraction amplitude at 5 mM Ca ion-K-R-B solution was 2. 46+/-0. 1 gram/mm. 2) Within the range of 2.5-10.0 mM Ca ion concentration, the contraction amplitude increased along with the increment of Ca concentration. 3) Osmolarity exerted dual effects on contraction; within the range of 300-400 mosm/I solution, the hypertonic solution exported a positive inotropic effect while 500 mOsm/1 solution exerted a negative inotropic effect upon papillary muscle. 4) Maximum rate of tension development increased in 350 mOsm/1 solution, but decreased in 400 mOsm/1 or more hypertonic solution. The time to maximum tension did not change within the range of 300 400 mOsm/1 osmolarity and in 500 mOsm/1 solution. 5) The difference in maxium developed tension between single and paired stimulation was 1. 99 gram/mm' at 300 mOsm/1 solution and was negligible in 450 mOsm/1 or more hypertonic solutions.
Animals ; Cats ; Hypertonic Solutions ; Myocardium ; Osmolar Concentration ; Papillary Muscles