Neuroschistosomiasis is a serious complication of schistosomiasis, where Schistosoma parasites migrate to the central nervous system. It is often overlooked but can cause significant neurological symptoms. We present a 10-year-old male with headache and papilledema, emphasizing the importance of considering neuroschistosomiasis in patients with neurological symptoms and a history of schistosomiasis exposure. Early diagnosis and timely treatment with antischistosomal drugs and corticosteroids are crucial for positive outcomes. Raising awareness and implementing appropriate management approaches can improve the prognosis of neuroschistosomiasis.
Neuroschistosomiasis

OBJECTIVES: To present a case of anti NMDA receptor encephalitis in an adolescent male; to report a case of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis who showed a rapid response to methylprednisone.
INTRODUCTION: Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis is an inflammatory encephalopathic autoimmune disease frequently affecting young women with teratomas of the ovary. It is also observed in men, children, and females without tumors.
THE CASE: A case of a 14 year adolescent right handed male adolescent presented with fever, hypertension , psychiatric symptom ,aphasia and orofacial dyskinesia. On admission he was highly febrile with dysautonomia, rigidity, catatonia and prominent orofacial dyskinesia. Upper motor signs include hyperreflexia and bilateral clonus. He latter developed Ileus, bladder and bowel incontinence, seizures, chorea, dystonia and dIe orofacial dyskinesia worsened. EEG showed continuous background slowing, Cranial MRI was normal and CSF analysis showed pleocytosis with lymphatic predominance with a normal protein and sugar. Work up for Herpes and Japanese B encephalitis was negative. Work up for tumor was negative. After 5 days of methylprednisone a rapid improvement was noted with resolution catatonia, rigidity hypereflexia and clonus. Results of the anti NMDA receptor antibodies showed positive for anti NMDA receptor encephalitis.
DISCUSSION: Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis presents with fever, headache,or malaise, followed mood and behavioral changes, psychiatric symptoms, decline of level of consciousness, hypoventilation and hyperkinesias. Immunotherapy is the current treatment. In patients with underlying tumor, immunotherapy, enhanced the effectiveness and speed of recovery. In patients without a tumour an additional treatment with second-line immunotherapy is needed but was not noted in this case. The patient showed a rapid recovery after methylprednisone and after 4 months post immunotherapy there was no recurrence of symptoms.
CONCLUSION: Anti NMDA receptor encephalitis is an inflammatory encephalopathic autoimmune disease and can be seen in children without tumors. Behavioral and hyperkinesias are prominent symptoms. Treatment with methylprednisone showed a good response.

Human ; Male ; Adolescent ; Anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis ; Catatonia ; Chorea ; Dyskinesias ; Dystonia ; Electroencephalography ; Encephalitis, Japanese ; Hashimoto Disease ; Hyperkinesis ; Leukocytosis ; Primary Dysautonomias ; Receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate

Background: There are no established guidelines preferring mannitol over hypertonic saline in managing increased intracranial pressure in children.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to assess the available data on the efficacy of 20% mannitol and 3% hypertonic saline in decreasing intracranial hypertension in the pediatric age group.

Method: Search was done through PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Registry of Clinical Trials (CENTRAL) and EMBASE. The search of articles yielded 280 studies. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 7 articles were deemed eligible for assessment.

Results: Seven studies with a total of 1,892 pediatric patients met the eligibility criteria: three RCTs and four retrospective studies. From these studies, two randomized controlled studies showed statistically significant evidence that 3% hypertonic saline was superior to 20% mannitol in reducing increased intracranial pressure (ICP) while two other studies had results that were insufficient to establish statistical significance. A study showed that Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores were higher and length of stay was shorter in patients given hypertonic saline than in the mannitol group. Relative risk of mortality was comparable in both groups. While more episodes of hypotension and rebound increase in ICP was seen with mannitol, both agents reported occurrences of acute kidney injury, hemolysis and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

Conclusion: This review showed that while both agents effectively decreased intracranial pressure, 3% hypertonic saline showed better results compared with 20% mannitol. Due to the limited number and heterogeneity of studies, a pooled analysis of the effects in ICP could not be done. Recommendations: Larger prospective controlled studies using 20% mannitol and 3% hypertonic saline in the treatment of increased ICP in the pediatric age group are needed to render valid affirmations.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Adolescent (a Person 13-18 Years Of Age) ; Child Preschool (a Child Between The Ages Of 2 And 5) ; Mannitol ; Intracranial Pressure

BACKGROUND: Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) Encephalitis is the most common type of autoimmune encephalitis that affects children, adolescents and young adults. Since its discovery in 2007, there is still a paucity of data on the disease and factors affecting its outcome. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and to analyze factors that may affect its outcome. METHODS: Forty-three patient records of diagnosed anti-NMDAR Encephalitis were included. The outcome was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Clinical Assessment Scale for autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE). RESULTS: Ages ranged from 2 years to 18 years old, majority in the 12-18 years age range. Sixty percent were female. First line treatment using immunotherapy was given to all patients: 37% as monotherapy and 84% combination therapy (MPT only 23%, IVIg only 4%, MPT + IVIg or TPE 21-26%, and MPT + IVIg + TPE 16%). Clinical outcomes on discharge and on follow-up were assessed using the mRS and CASE. On discharge the proportion of the patients who had mild impairment (mRS<2, CASE<9) was more than 50%. On median duration follow-up of 31 weeks (range 24-40 weeks), 96.8% had significant improvement (mRS<2, CASE<9). Among the possible factors that were assessed to affect outcome, only severity of the illness at the start of the treatment influenced clinical outcome. CONCLUSION Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment before the progression of the disease will promote faster recovery and more optimal clinical outcome. CASE may be used as an additional tool in assessing response to treatment.

Neurologic infections are related to chronic and life-long neurologic impairment. We aim to describe the outcomes of Filipino children with neurologic infections upon, and within one year from discharge. This data will be useful in developing programs for the prevention and improvement of outcomes in children with neurologic infections. Methods: This is a multicenter, cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study at six tertiary hospitals across the Philippines within four years (2007-2010). A standardized report form was used to collect clinical profile and outcome using inpatient and outpatient records. Neurologic outcome was classified and staged at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months postdischarge. Results: A total of 480 patients were included in the analysis (mean age 4.7 ± 5.3 y), most were bacterial in etiology (275 cases, or 57.3%). Severity of illness on admission (Stage 3, p <0.001) and etiologic agent (viral, p <0.001) were correlated with poor neurologic outcome on discharge. Of the 154 patients that had follow-up, 91 cases were observed to have neurologic deficits (severe, 50; moderate, 29; and mild 12). Twenty patients had improvement of neurologic impairment on subsequent follow-up. Motor deficits (64 cases), cognitive disorders (26 cases) and seizures (17 cases) are the most common neurologic sequela