In 2004, 185 specimens of patients with acute respiratory illnesses that were tested negative to influenza viruses were isolated to determine enteroviruses. The results showed that 10.8% were positive with enteroviruses. These isolated enteroviruses consist of 13 Coxsackievirus B, 1 Echovirus, 1 Poliosabin type 1, and 5 untyped Enteroviruses. The result also showed that 8.1% of isolated viruses were Adenoviruses
Respiratory Tract Infections ; Orthomyxoviridae

No abstract available.
Chickens* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Influenza, Human* ; Orthomyxoviridae*

In relation rto the size of viral inoculum, influenzal infection in ferrets caused by the inoculation of a mouse-adapted subline of PR 8 strain of type A influenza virus was studied. The results are summarized as follows; 1) When ferrets were inoculated with a highly diluted virus (10-7), a small proportion of them experienced inapparent infections and the rest of them escaped the infection. 2) With the increased size of viral inocula, there was a good correlation between the size of infecting does and the frequency of overt infections in ferrets. 3) Nasal tissues were the main locus of viral multiplication in ferrets at 72 hours after viral inoculation. Viral multiplication in nasal tissues was demonstrated only in a small proportion of ferrets which were inocu1ated with a 10-7 dilution of virus; however, when the size of vira1 inoculum was increased above this level, all ferrets had viral growth in their nasal tissues. 4) The involvement of pulmonary tissues, viral growth in those tissues and the development of gross lung lesions were significantly rare. There was no dear-cut relationship between the size of infecting doses and the frequency of such plumonary involvements in ferrets.
Animal ; Carnivora ; Female ; Influenza/microbiology* ; Orthomyxoviridae*

Asian-lineage H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have caused continuous outbreaks in poultry and wild birds. Development of rapid and accurate diagnostic methods is needed for preventing further spread of the virus and reducing the time required for eradication of the virus. We developed a low-density microarray for the rapid detection and identification of avian influenza virus subtypes H5, H7, and H9 and their pathotypes in a previous study. In the present study, we evaluated previously developed diagnostic microarray using avian influenza viruses isolated in Mongolia, including H5 HPAI viruses. All H5 HPAI viruses isolated in Mongolia were shown as H5-specific and highly pathogenic pattern in the microarray. H2, H3 and H12 viruses isolated in Mongolia used in this study did not show any H5, H7 and H9 patterns. These results indicated that this diagnostic microarray has enormous potential for the rapid subtyping and pathotyping of influenza viruses, including viruses isolated in Mongolia.
Animals ; Birds ; Disease Outbreaks ; Influenza in Birds* ; Mongolia* ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Poultry

PURPOSE: Although oseltamivir is widely used for treatment of influenza, few clinical studies of its efficacy and resistance have been performed in Korea. We evaluated the safety, side effects, and efficacy of oseltamivir treatment in Korean pediatric patients. METHODS: We analyzed 321 children diagnosed with influenza at Busan St. Mary's Medical Center, Korea, between January 2008 and June 2008 (first study period) and November 2008 and January 2009 (second study period). Patients were divided into two groups: those receiving oseltamivir treatment for 5 days and those receiving only symptomatic treatment. We investigated clinical symptoms, side effects, and resistance to oseltamivir. We also identified influenza strains and evaluated resistance to oseltamivir using an influenza virus culture. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-six patients were assigned to the treatment group, and 135 were assigned to the control group. The treatment group showed shorter admission duration (4.4 days) compared with controls (5.0 days) (P=0.000) and had fewer lower respiratory tract complications compared with controls (P<0.05). No significant statistical difference in the virus antigenic type was observed between the groups. In the first study period, virus culture showed influenza B (41.7% vs. 49.6%), A/H3N2 (7.9% vs. 8.4%), and A/H1N1 (9.4% vs. 6.5%). In the second study period, only A/H1N1 (55.3% vs. 50.0%) was isolated, except for one case of A (H3N2) in the treatment group. No differences in short- and long-term side effects, including neuropsychologic side effects, were noted between groups. There was no resistance to oseltamivir before or after treatment in the first study period. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, we suggest that osetalmivir therapy in pediatric patients is effective.
Child ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Korea ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Oseltamivir ; Respiratory System ; Viruses

In annual epidemics and occasional pandemics, influenza viruses cause acute respiratory illnesses in infected humans. Vaccines and antiviral drugs are two main arsenals available for a fight against influenza viruses. However, vaccines often exhibit a limited efficacy in high risk populations, and antiviral drugs are always concerned for mutations, which confer viral resistance. Here we review current advances and knowledge in relation to the usage of antiviral drugs as a prophylactic or therapeutic and the mechanism of resistant variants mainly against the neuraminidase inhibitors. Comprehensive understanding of the resistant mechanism will pave a road for developing new antivirals and/or finding medical or natural alternatives inducing less frequent resistance, and application of combination therapy using two or three different kinds of antivirals can suggest a useful medical intervention against both of seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza viruses including resistant variants. In this review, we provide insights of antiviral drugs for the control and prevention of influenza viruses.
Antiviral Agents ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Neuraminidase ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Pandemics ; Seasons ; Vaccines

OBJECTIVEReverse genetics was used to construct the platform of flu pandemic strain A/California/07/2009 (H1N1).

METHODSEight genes fragements were amplified and ligated with bidirectional vector, recombinant plasmids were co transfected to the 293 T cells and rescued the virus. Gene sequencing, antigenic analysis and growth property were used to evaluate the rescued virus.

RESULTSRescued virus show the genes sequence correct, keep the same antigenicity and similar growth property compared with wild type virus.

CONCLUSIONThe pandemic virus reverse genetics platform of A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) were built. Based on this platform, rescued virus hold the similarity of antigenicity and growth ability with wild type virus.

Orthomyxoviridae ; genetics ; growth & development ; immunology ; Pandemics ; Plasmids ; Reverse Genetics

Antigens, Viral ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Orthomyxoviridae ; classification ; genetics ; immunology

During our ongoing investigation of neuraminidase inhibitors from medicinal fungi, we found that the fruiting bodies of Phellinus igniarius exhibited significant inhibitory activity against neuraminidase from recombinant H3N2 influenza viruses. Two active compounds were isolated from the methanolic extract of P. igniarius through solvent partitioning and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The active compounds were identified as phelligridins E and G on proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) and electrospray ionization mass measurements. These compounds inhibited neuraminidases from recombinant rvH1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 influenza viruses, with IC₅₀ values in the range of 0.7~8.1 µM.
Chromatography ; Fruit* ; Fungi ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Methanol ; Neuraminidase* ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Protons

OBJECTIVETo investigate composition principle of Yinqiao-decoction through experiment of anti-influenza.

METHODSThe effects of different compositions of Yinqiao-decoction on the index of hemagglutinin titre of virus in the lung tissue of mice infected with virus from nose were investigated by orthogonal design.

RESULTSAccording to the hemagglutinin titre of virus in the lung tissue of mice, the necessary effective drugs of Yinqiao-decoction are forsythia suspense, flos lonicerae, fructus arctii, schizonepeta tenuifolia, folium phyllostach lophatheri, glycyrrhiza uralensis, platycodon grandiflorum and mentha haplocalyx, and semen sojae preparatum isn't necessary. There is interaction between forsythia suspense and flos lonicerae, forsythia suspense and fructus arctii, forsythia suspense and schizonepeta tenuifolia, fructus arctii and mentha haplocalyx, schizonepeta tenuifolia and platycodon grandiflorum.

CONCLUSIONThe optimal combination of Yinqiao-decoction is flos lonicerae, forsythia suspense, fructus arctii, folium phyllostach lophatheri, glycyrrhiza uralensis, mentha haplocalyx of the second level and schizonepeta tenuifolia, platycodon grandiflorum, semen sojae preparatum of the first level.

Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Lung ; virology ; Male ; Mice ; Orthomyxoviridae ; metabolism ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; drug therapy ; virology