The aim of this study to assess dental caries status and some growth indices among preschool children of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. The study population consisted of 499 preschool children aged 3-5 years old randomly selected from 6 kindergartens of Ulaanbaatar city. The all children were examined oral examination and body weight and height by anthropometric methods. 1. The caries prevalence of all preschool children was 92.9%. The mean dmft and dmfs score were 8.2±4.8 and 11.7±8.6 of all children, 8.4±4.6 and 12.9±9.1 of 5 years old, 7.8±5.4 and 10.9±9.1 of 4 years old, 8.4±4.7 and 11.3±7.7 of 3 years old, respectively (p<0.01).2. The average body weight and height were 15.8±2.2 кg and 97.7±5.8 cm of 3 years old, 17.2±1.8 kg and 103.4±4.7 cm of 4 years old, 18.5±2.3 kg and 108.1±5.5 cm of 5 years old, respectively (p<0.001).The dental caries prevalence and mean dmft score among preschool children of Ulaanbaatar city were “VERY HIGH” stage, which is determined by criteria WHO. The body height and weight of preschool children of Ulaanbaatar city are increasing year by year. There is not observed significantly the relationship between dental caries status and body growth indices

Dental caries is prevent problem, not only Mongolia, but also world wide. According to World Health Organization’s report in 1976 the mean DMFT of 12 years old of Mongolian children was 1.48 and in 1990 was 2.6. According to Mongolian research studies, the prevalence of caries and mean DMFT children within the age range of 3-17 years old was 79.2% and 3.88 and in 3-5 years old children were 4.9 correspondingly. Several investigators have reported increasing caries rate among Mongolian children, especially those living in cities. The aim of this study to access dental caries status among preschool, children of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia.The study covered 294 preschool children who were 3 - 5 years randomly selected from 2 kindergartens of Ulaanbaatar city. Design: Cross – sectional study, oral epidemiological survey based on World Нealth Organization methodology clinical examination.The caries prevalence of all preschool children was 85%. The caries prevalence in 3 years old children was 75.6%, in 4 years old, it was 85.78% in 5 years old, it was 93.8%. The caries prevalence was high among 5 years old children. The mean dmft score was 6.2±0.2 all children.Only 15% of the children were caries free. The caries prevalence of the preschool children was 85%, and the mean dmft (decayed, missing, filled tooth) were 6.2±0.2. The dental caries prevalence and mean dmft score among preschool children of Ulaanbaatar city were “VERY HIGH” stage which is determined by criteria World Health Organization.

Purpose: To study some growth indices and dental caries status of twins of kindergarten, Ulaanbaatar city.Methods: The study group consists of 7 pairs or 14 twins and control group consist of 14 children, who were same aged and same classmates of twins. The body weight and height of all children was measured by anthropometric methods and dental examination was done by WHO criteria 2003. The plaque index was determined by Pederov-Volodkini and caries activity was determined by Shimono (1974).Results: 1. The average body weight of study group was lower than control group, but the average body height of study group was higher than control group (p<0.01). 2. The mean deft score 6 dft, 7 dfs in study group and 8 dft, 12 dfs in control group, respectively (p<0.05). 3. Satisfactory of oral hygiene index was 64% in study group and 57% in control group (p<0.05). 4. When we determined the caries activity, high caries activity group was 50% in study group and 57% in control group (p<0.01). Conclusion: The risk factors and scores of dental caries of twin were lower than the control group. In the future we have to carry detailed study to relationship between body weight and mean dft score.

Background: The first supposition of a possible relationship between occlusion and TMJ (temporomandibular joint) function was suggested by Costen, who hypothesized that changes in dental condition (loss of vertical dimension) can lead to symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Symptoms of temporomandibular disorders are more com mon in women, with a female-to-male ratio ranging from 2:1 to 8:1. Temporomandibular disorders occur in 25-38% of the general population. The reason for conducting this study is that no research has been conducted in Mongolia on the relationship between malocclusion and TMJ. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the association between malocclusion and temporomandibular disorders. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a case-control design, and patients requiring orthodontic treat ment who visited the Orthodontics Department of the Center Hospital of the Dentistry, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were included in the case group, while relatively healthy individuals with normal occlusion who had not undergone orthodontic treatment were included in the control group. The sample size for each case and control group was calculated to be 20 people, for a total of 40 people aged 20-30. The need for orthodontic treatment was determined by the IOTN index (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need). Relatively healthy occlusion was defined according to Andrew’s six keys. The condition of the temporomandibular joint was determined using a questionnaire and physical examination. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 24.4±3.7 years in the malocclusion group and 26.0±3.6 years in the control group, 45% (n=8) of the malocclusion group were male and 40% (n=9) of the control group were male. The indicators of malocclusion, such as increased overjet, decreased overjet, increased overbite and mouth breathing were statistically significantly different between the malocclusion group and the control group (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that CII (OR=11.66, p=0.007) and CIII (OR=16.33, p=0.017) occlusion, increased overbite (OR=6.87, p=0.025) and mouth breathing (OR=4.22, p=0.042) had an impact on the occurrence of TMJ noise in both vertical and horizontal directions. Conclusions 1. Among the study participants, Angle’s Class I accounted for 50% (the highest percentage), while Angle’s Class III accounted for 20% (the lowest percentage). But Angle’s Class II accounted for 30%. 2. Symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorder were statistically significantly higher in the case group (p<0.05). 3. People with Angle’s Class II and Class III were 11-16 times more likely to develop temporomandibular joint (TMJ) noise, a symptom of TMD, compared to people with normal occlusion.

Kidney transplantation is the best alternative treatment for end-stage renal disease and health-related quality of life and survival of the patients are improved compared with dialysis. Worldwide, more than 1.4 million patients with CKD receive renal replacement therapy with incidence growing by approximately 8% annually.1 Unfortunately, despite significant improvement in graft function, kidney transplants can still fail due to acute rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy.2 Kidney biopsy after transplantation, which has evaluated by Banff 09 classification is usefull method for diagnose of transplanted kidney disease.3,4Kidney graft rejection was diagnosed in 10 renal allograft biopsy specimens (bs) obtained from transplant patients followed up at our institute between 2015 and 2016. All specimens were evaluated as satisfactory which show more than 8 glomerulus under the light microscopy. Each renal cortical tissue was divided into two tips: one piece for routine H&E stain and special stains, including Masson’s trichrome, and PAS stain; another piece for immunofluorescence by frozen section, which were stained with IgA, IgM, IgG and complement component (C3, C4, C1q, C4d). All the renal biopsies were examined by the same pathologist.Out of 117 transplantations, 10 episodes of rejection selected. Among the 10 patients, 30% had an acute T cell rejection and 70% had a chronic allograft nephropathy. Interstitial inflammation (i1-7) was present in 7 bs (70%), tubulitis (t1-4,t2-2) in 6 bs (60%), transplant glomerulitis (g1-1, g2-2, g3-1) in 4 bs (40%), transplant interstitial fibrosis (ci1-2, ci2-2, ci3-2) in 6 bs (60%), tubular atrophy (ct1-6, ct2-2, ct3-1) in 9 bs (90%), mesangial matrix increase (mm1-5) in 5 bs (50%), vascular fibrosis intimal thickeness (cv1-3) in 3 bs (30%), arteriolar hyaline thickening (ah1-5) in 5 bs (50%), tubulitis (ti1-6, ti2-3, ti3-1) in 10 bs (100%) and peritubular capillaritis (ptc1-1, ptc2-2, ptc3-1) in 4 bs (40%). C4d deposition was present very mild in wall of the vessels and peritubular capillaries. Because of not good working Methenamin silver stain, we couldn’t demostrate glomerular basement membrane changes (cg) fully.We suggest that histopathological changes of transplant glomerulopathy might be accompanied by inflammation of the microvasculature, such as transplant glomerulitis and peritubular capillaritis. C4d deposition in the wall of the vessels and peritubular capillaritis is not always present in biopsy specimens of transplant glomerulopathy.

A school environment may cause positive effect upon health and healthy behavior, but also representmain factor for transfer of non-infectious diseases. Therefore, the issue of maintaining an appropriate environment in operations of training and educational institution would be considered as vital in every country of the world. In our country the solid waste hygienic conditions around children organizations represent one of actual problems. Through the research work was aimed to evaluate the state of solid waste at external environment of general educational institutions by the momentum model of analytical research and involving 103 state proprietary Educational Institutions of 9 districts. At developing estimation list of solid waste at external environment of schools were used current effective standards, resolutions and regulations. 88.3 percent of schools involved into research work had special solid waste-points and 11.7 percent had no special solid waste-points. 38.8 percent of solid waste-points were fenced from all sidesand 44.7 percent fenced from some sides and 16.5 percent had no fence in whole. The research of material from which was made a solid waste-keeping facility showed that 44.2 percent were made from metal, 2.3 percent from wood and 52.3 percent from brick. When we studied whether the solid waste-keeping facility is placed in distance of 25 meters from school according to standard,was determined that 71.8 percent were built according to the standard, 28.2 percent were allocated within 25 meters showing inconformity with the standard. During the research it has been detected that among schools 27.2 percent had too much solid waste-heap, 25.5 percent had placed no special recycle-bins on the school site and 13.6 percent conducted wrong activity by incinerating solid waste on the territory of school.2/3 or total 63 schools among Metropolitan state proprietary educational institutions has non- standard solid waste-keeping facility, 1/3 or 29 schools has located their solid waste-points in non- standard distance, there exists much solid waste-heap because of insufficient recycle-bins, absence of solid waste-points results in collection of solid waste in a special room inside of school and later its transportation with scavenger. Also, 13.6 percent or 14 schools are incinerating their solid waste within school site. This breeches effective hygienic norms and normative.

BACKGROUND. Since the implementation of Pre-medical curriculum the first students have successfully finished their courses. However, formative and summative evaluation of the curriculum hasn’t been done. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between satisfaction level and knowledge acquisition of the students. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The study was completed at School of Bio-medicine of MNUMS and Division of Education and Policy. We have studied correlation of grade point average (GPA), integrated final exam score, and general admission test/entrance examination test scores (Chemistry and Biology test scores) of total of 395 students’. RESULTS. A total of 395 students’ 4 types of test scores have been used in this study. Out of 395 students, 68 (17%) male, 327 (83%) female and 317 (80%) medical and 78 (20%) health sciences pre-medical students. Results have shown that, both general admission test score and university pre-medical GPA had a direct, average line correlation. In other words, students who have had a higher general admission test score; have scored higher GPA scores at university. The comparison of GPA with the integrated final exam score has shown a direct, average line correlation, which proves the validity of the GPA.The highest factor among was the teacher methodology skills scoring 4.0. The lowest factor was teaching facilities and student lesson load scoring 3.7. CONCLUSION. The satisfaction level is higher the average. The student GPA, general admission test score, both have a direct or average line correlation.

BackgroundIgA nephropathy and MPGN are common glomerulonephritis in the world that progresses slowly andrenal function can even remain unchanged for decades. Clinically, it presents by isolated hematuria,proteinuria. Histologically, IgA nephropathy presents with acute glomerular damage, mesangial cellproliferation, endocapillary leucocyte infiltration, and crescent formations, these lesions can undergoresolution with sclerotic healing. Since 2013, renal biopsy has been done at the First Central Hospitalof Mongolia a few times. However, the confirmative diagnosis of IgA nephropathy and MPGN remainunknown in Mongolia by renal biopsy. Therefore, we intended to test renal biopsy techniques andconfirm its diagnosis by renal biopsy at the Second Central Hospital of Mongolia.MethodsUltrasound guided renal biopsy had been done for four patients by nephrologist at the Departmentof Nephrology of the Second Central Hospital of Mongolia. All four specimens were evaluated assatisfactory which show more than 8 glomerulus under the light microscopy. Each renal cortical tissuewas divided into two tips: one piece for routine H&E stain and special stains, including Masson’strichrome, and PAS stain; another piece for immunofluorescence by frozen section, which werestained with IgG, IgM, IgA and complement component 3 (C3). Each case was screened by threepathologists.Results:The case which shows mesengial widening, mesengial hypercellularity under the light microscopyor mesangial granular deposition of IgA and C3 by immunofluorescence was diagnosed as IgAnephropathy. We obtained crescent formation with glomerular adhesion in most cases. In addition, weobserved secondary MPGN in one case, which is caused by hepatitis C virus infection.Conclusion: Probably, it is a new step for developing pathologic diagnosis for nephrology in Mongolia.We needs further study for improving renal biopsy technique and confirming the diagnosis of IgAnephropathy and MPGN using electron microscopy and pathological report by oxford classification forIgA nephropathy.

Background: Traditional Mongolian medicine is one of the heritage which inherited since ancient times of nomadic culture. The radical culture of Mongolian medicine is related to shamanism and initially, it was inherited as “Dhom zasal” among folks and it was written and popular as “Sutra of Dhom” and “Sutra of Black Dhom”.
Thus, to define the fundamental knowledge and methods of traditional cure by analysing from those scriptures like, sutras and fetishism is the unavoidable and historical duties for the contemporary medical researchers. Therefore, our mission was to study and recognize the historical facts of the reason, situation and the generative factors of birth of remedies. Material and Method: We used following study methods; manuscripts, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and historical comparative method.
The study materials were more than 20 sutras which have not studied fully. Furthermore, we used scientist’s creatures and textbooks related to dhom zasal. Results: It is important for define that, in which developmental period of Mongolian traditional medicine, the mantic cure was formed and what it has been through to be inherited nowadays. If could do so, it would be more accessible and orderly.
Recently, our medical researchers have reached to substantial success in study of medical history and have come with conclusive result that the Mongolian traditional medicine has to be properly staged into six developmental periods.
Further, the researchers have identified not only developmental stages of traditional medicine, but defined stages of development of medical science in Mongolia.
Regarding to this developmental definition, formation of traditional remedies is belonged to the stage of observation-based curing technique collecting (from prehistoric to 209 AD) period. Conclusion From our study, based on resources and factual statements, we found that, Dhom in Mongolian means remedies which were initiated at primitive time due to their physical unwellness and improved and developed from time to time. In fact, at the beginning, the remedy methods were empirical, with no adequate sequences and involuntary, but it had been developed time by time throughout, experiment and observations.

Background: According to the First National Tuberculosis (TB) Prevalence Survey in Mongolia the prevalence of bacteriologically-confirmed pulmonary TB among adults was 559.6 (95% CI: 454.5–664.7) per 100000 population in 2014–2015. This was three times as high as previously estimated. Nationwide anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance survey was conducted in 1999 and 2007 in Mongolia. Share of multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) cases among newly notified TB cases increased from 1.0% in 1999 to 1.4% in 2007. Accordingly, we aimed to perform drug susceptibility test on strains isolated from TB Prevalence Survey and to determine the prevalence of drug resistant TB. Material and Methods: All 242 MTB strains isolated from the survey TB cases were tested GenoTypeMTBDRplus test and conventional 1st line DST on solid medium. Result: Conventional DST and GenoTypeMTBDRplus tests done for 93.8% (227/242) of them and 6.2% (15/242) were tested by GenoTypeMTBDRplus only. A 61.6% (95%CI 55.3-67.4) of all cases were susceptible to first line anti-TB drugs, any drug resistance and MDR-TBdetected as 38.4% (95% CI 32.5-44.7)and 9.5% (95% CI 6.4-13.9), respectively. Prevalence of MDR-TB was7.8% (95% CI 4.9-12.4) among new and 17.9% (95% CI 9.0-32.7) among previously treated cases. The 64 strains were identified as a resistant to isoniazid, 32.8% (42/64) and 65.6% (21/64) were katG, and inhAmutation, respectively. One isolate (1.6%) was mutations in both the inhAand katGgenes.The predominant mutations detected in therpoB were S531L (91.3%) among rifampicin resistant isolates and the mutation in inhAwas C–15T (100%) and katG mutation was S315T1 (100%) among isoniazid-resistant isolates. Conclusion Prevalence of cases with DR-TB is high among prevalent TB cases, especially prevalence of MDR-TB among new cases. In comparison to previous studies, DR-TB cases seem to be increased. Rifampicin resistant strains have a mutation of the rpoBand resistance to isoniazid is predominantly associated with the inhA mutation.