Background: Alloxan is a chemical compound commonly used in experimental animal models of diabetes. In 1943, Shaw Dunn and Mc- Letchie reported that alloxan causes specific necrosis of pancreatic β-cells in experimental animals, which led to the study of alloxan in relation to diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the structural changes in the pancreatic tissue of diabetic mice induced by alloxan. Aim: To study the structural changes in the pancreatic tissue of diabetic mice induced by alloxan. Materials and Methods: According to the protocol for establishing a diabetic model, alloxan monohydrate was injected intraperitoneally into 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice to develop a diabetic model and evaluate the structure of pancreatic tissue. Results: Alloxan induced severe degenerative changes in the centers of the pancreatic islets of mice in the diabetic group. The islet shape was irregular, and the central part was relatively sparse; dead (karyolysis) cells were observed. In the exocrine part of the pancreas, the acinar structure was preserved; the nuclei of acinar cells were stained bright blue. The plasma-particle ratio of some acinar cells was lost, the plasma contained vacuoles, and the interstitial spaces were enlarged and appeared pale. On the 7th day of the experiment, the positive expression of β-cells in the pancreatic islets of mice in the diabetic group was reduced compared to the control group, and a necrotic area was observed. On the 28th day, the positive expression of β-cells was visible in the central part of the islet. When the qualitative characteristics of the positively stained cells of the islets of Langerhans were converted into quantitative values, the percentage of the area of insulin-positive stained cells was 13.37% ± 0.89% in the control group and 6.01% ± 0.39% in the diabetic group. The percentage of glucagon-positive stained cells in the control group was 15.27% ± 1.11%, and in the diabetic group was 5.01% ± 0.58%. The islet area of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the diabetic group was observed to be increased compared to the control group. This is thought to be due to the swelling of the islet cells and the formation of empty spaces created by necrotic cells. Conclusion The results of the functional assay showed that glucose- dependent insulin secretion was still active after 28 days of the experiment. Alloxan-induced necrosis and apoptosis reduced the percentage of insulin- and glucagon-positive cells in the islets of Langerhans.

Background: Studying the human embryonic and fetal organ systems development patterns and determining their quantitative indicators is of scientific and practical importance in medicine and health in every nation.
Distortions and pathologies during the development of the embryo are the causes of congenital disabilities. Among the congenital malformations, facial malformations are the 3rd place, including cleft lip and palate in 70% and Srouzon's syndrome in 30%. In addition, abnormalities due to changes in the size, shape, and position of the jaw are also mentioned in the 2021.04.21 issue of Morphology magazine in the study "Morphometric parameters of the bones of the skull and face during the development of newborns and fetuses". In our country, Ariuntuul G (2005) determined that cleft lip and cleft palate occur at 0.76/1000 or 1 in 1314 live births, while Ayanga G (2012) found that it occurs at 1 in 1072 live births or 0.93/1000. Moreover, the eye cup dimensions of Mongolian fetuses aged 16 36 weeks have a positive linear relationship with the gestational age determined using ultrasound by Nandintsetseg B (2015) et al. Compared with the other countries, the eyecup is slightly wider, and the outer edge distance is similar, whereas the inner edge distance is shorter. Purpose: To summarize research work and determine the embryonic development of bones involved in the formation of the face and facial parts, the period of bone formation, the point of ossification, and the period of formation. Methods: During fetal development, human organ systems grow and develop at different rates but in a particular relationship. This feature of growth and development is also clearly observed in the structure of the head and facial bones, and the results of researchers who have studied this aspect are selected in the articles. Results: Embryonic and fetal development of bone are clinically significant not only from the point of view of its morphogenesis but also from the point of view of congenital disabilities. Conclusion In the analysis of the sources, most of the works on the prenatal period of the development of the same body have studied the development of specific structures of the face and facial area, such as the palatine bones and nasal bones, or have generally covered the development of particular systems in the embryo and fetus, and face, there are relatively few works that show the entire dynamics of growth and development of facial bones.