Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder which affects millions of population worldwide. Global estimates published in 2010 reported the world diabetic prevalence as 6.4%, affecting 285 million adults. Foot ulceration and wound infection are major forms of disabilities arising from diabetic diseases. This study was aimed to develop a natural antimicrobial finishing on medical grade textile that meets American Association of Textiles Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) standard. The textile samples were finished with the ethanolic extract of Penicillium amestolkiae elv609, an endophytic fungus isolated from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth (common name: cat's whiskers). Endophyte is defined as microorganism that reside in the living plant tissue, without causing apparent disease symptom to the host. The antimicrobial efficacy of the ethanolic extract of P. minioluteum was tested on clinical pathogens isolated from diabetic wound. The extract exhibited significant inhibitory activity against 4 bacteria and 1 yeast with the minimal inhibitory concentration ranged from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL. The results indicate different susceptibility levels of the test microorganism to the ethanolic extract. However, the killing activity of the extract was concentration-dependent. The finished medical textile showed excellent antimicrobial efficacy on AATCC test assays. All the microbial cultures treated with the textile sample displayed a growth reduction of 99.9% on Hoheinstein Challenge Test. The wash durability of the finished textile was found good even after 50 washes with commercial detergent. Besides, the gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis showed that 6-octadecenoic acid and diethyl phthalate were the main bioactive constituents of the extract. In conclusion, the developed medical textile showed good antimicrobial efficacy on laboratory tests. This work can be extended to in vivo trials for developing healthcare textile products for antimicrobial applications.
Adult ; Bacteria ; Delivery of Health Care ; Detergents ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Ethanol ; Foot Ulcer ; Fungi ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Homicide ; Humans ; Orthosiphon ; Penicillium* ; Plants ; Prevalence ; Textiles ; Wound Infection ; Wounds and Injuries* ; Yeasts

Aims: Food borne infections are routinely observed and frequently reported. Cymbopogon nardus, or commonly known as citronella is a tropical plant widely used for aromatherapy and insect repellant. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical compositions of C. nardus ethanol extract and its antimicrobial activity on food borne microorganisms. Methodology and results: The plant materials were extracted with ethanol using maceration technique. The ethanol extract obtained was analysed using GC-MS and the most abundant compounds were 6-methyloctahydrocoumarin (31.5%) and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (28.7%). On Kirby Bauer assay, the extract showed wide spectrum inhibitory effect on one Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus coagulans), two Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli), and one yeast (Candida albicans). All the test microorganisms showed different susceptibility to the extract, where the minimal inhibitory concentrations were ranged from 63 to 250 μg/mL. The inhibitory effect of the extract was bactericidal. In addition, the time kill analysis of the extract exhibited inhibitory effect on P. mirabilis which was concentration-dependent. The C. nardus extract exhibited rapid bactericidal effect on P. mirabilis and lower bacterial counts were obtained with increased extract concentration. Besides, the extract did not exert significant toxicity effect to Artemia salina on brine shrimp lethality assay. Conclusion, significance and impact of study Therefore C. nardus can be a potential source of safe and effective antimicrobial agent to combat food borne infections.