The objectives of this study were to determine the normal mean value of the root-crown (R/C ratios) in Malay patients and their variations by gender and dental arch from orthopantomogram radiographs (OPGs). Two thousand nine hundred and twenty teeth with fully developed roots were measured from 112 OPGs. Subjects with history of maxillofacial trauma or orthodontic therapy were excluded. The mean age of the subjects was 19.1 (SD 2.08) years old for males while females 18.9 (SD 2.19) years old in the range from 15 to 22 years old. The intra-examiner reproducibility of the assessment method was good (Intraclass correlation coefficient 0.81). Results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between R/C ratios of males and females groups. However, the ratios of the antagonist teeth for both males and females were significantly greater in the mandible than in the maxilla (p<0.05 for right and left lateral incisors and right first premolars in male; p<0.001 for all other teeth). In both gender, the highest R/C ratio was mandibular second premolars and the lowest R/C ratio were maxillary central incisors. The rootcrown ratio could be used as a baseline data and reference to help in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis as well as evaluation developmental root deficiency.

Cephalometric analyses using computer software have more advantages than manual analyses. However, the software should be evaluated for the accuracy and reproducibility before it can be used. The aims of the present study were: 1) to compare the differences in accuracy and precision between utilizing scanned images and soft copy images with the software 2) to assess the reproducibility of software and manual cephalometric analyses. Fifteen cephalograms were selected randomly from the Record Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. All films had 10 fiducial points marked and were scanned at 75 dots per inch (dpi) and 300 dpi. Manual and digital measurements were compared to obtain magnification factors. Seven digital x-ray images of a caliper were taken. The mean differences were measured between the fixed caliper measurement and digital measurements. Subsequently, 37 cephalograms were traced manually and digitally with Computer-Assisted Simulation System for Orthognathic Surgery (CASSOS) software to assess its accuracy and reproducibility after applying the obtained magnification factor. Steiner analysis was utilized and T tests were used to evaluate the mean difference. P<0.01 was considered significant. The magnification factors of 300dpi and 75dpi for both horizontal and vertical measurements were 0.50 and 0.95 respectively, while magnification factor for softcopy image measurements was 0.89. Cephalometric comparisons between original and digital images showed statistically significant differences for several variables but the mean differences were clinically insignificant. Although some distortion was noted, it was clinically acceptable after correction of the enlarged images with magnification factors. The reproducibility of CASSOS is excellent and as good as other commercially available cephalometric software.

Cervical cancer is among the most common cancers in women worldwide. The Pap smear test is the primary screening procedure used to detect abnormal cells that may develop into cancer.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to compare the changes in the skeletal and dentoalveolar structures in Malay patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion treated by prefabricated re-mouldable customizable functional appliance (T4FTM) and Twin Block (TB) appliance. Methods: A randomised clinical trial was carried out with samples randomly assigned to active (TB appliance) and experimental (T4FTM appliance) groups. Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken for each subject and the overjet was clinically measured at the same intervals. 20 angular and linear measurements were chosen and measured separately. Results: Independent t test was used to compare the changes between the two groups. A significant difference between the groups was seen with overjet at 2.14 mm (p < 0.01), Sv_Pog distance at 1.83mm (p < 0.05), Sv_ii distance at 2.55 mm (p < 0.001), horizontal distance from the upper to the lower incisor tip at 1.81 mm which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The other variables SNB and ANB angles too showed a significant difference. However, all the favourable changes were noted in the TB group. Conclusion: T4FTM appliance could be an effective appliance for the management of British Standard Institute's Class II Division 1 malocclusion on Class II skeletal pattern. However, the TB group differed significantly and had a more favourable correction in terms of the sagittal skeletal and dentoalveolar discrepancy.

Introduction: A parallel design randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare dentoalveolar and skeletal changes in two groups of patients who had completed twin block therapy; one group had a three-month night-time retention period whereas the other group had no retention period, after twin block therapy but before fixed appliances. Methods: 26 participants of Malay ethnicity aged 10 to 15 years were included in the trial and had an overjet of 5mm or greater, molar relationship greater than half cusp Class II on a skeletal Class II base which had been corrected to a Class I molar relationship following twin block therapy. Following randomization, the 26 were divided into two groups of 13. Group A had fixed appliances bonded immediately whereas group B continued wearing twin block at night for three months, after which fixed appliances were bonded. Lateral cephalograms assessed were those taken before randomization, upon twin block therapy completion (T1) and six months after bond-up of fixed appliances (T2). Results: Paired t-test showed several statistically significant dentoalveolar and skeletal changes in group A. In contrast, only condylar head position exhibited a statistically significant change in group B. Despite a statistical significance, changes measured in both groups were minimal at less than 2mm and therefore clinically insignificant. Independent t-test showed no statistically significant difference between the changes recorded in both groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that a three-month night-time retention period after twin block therapy does not lead to any changes that may be considered clinically beneficial.