1.Abuse of Xylazine by Human and its Emerging Problems: A Review from Forensic Perspective
Way Koon Teoh ; Noor Zuhartini Md Muslim ; Kah Haw Chang ; Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2022;18(No.4):190-201
Xylazine is a sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxant widely applied in the veterinary field. However, owing to its
depressant effect, xylazine has become a substance of abuse by humans. Misuse of xylazine not only triggers unwanted consequences (death), but also linked with various crimes. Google Scholar, PubMed and SciFinder were
used to retrieve articles and case reports in relation to the misuses of xylazine and established analytical methods for
forensic investigation until November 2021. Literatures reported the accidental and intended poisoning of xylazine,
recreational use of xylazine and as an adulterant in recreational drugs. In addition to being a facilitator of crime and
sexual assault, it is administered illegally to food producing animals as a sedative and to sports animals as a doping
agent. Problems associated with the abuse of xylazine were highlighted in this review, covering the unknown prevalence of xylazine abuse and the need to revise the regulatory status of xylazine. In addition, limited screening and
confirmatory methods that can be readily utilised to detect xylazine either alone or simultaneously with other substances of abuse, particularly useful for forensic toxicology and narcotic section were available in the literature. As a
conventionally used veterinary drug, xylazine is undoubtedly a potentially hazardous drug, and the investigations on
its potential abuse would enhance routine forensic examination to keep pace with the status of illicit drugs.
2.Species Determination and Discrimination of Animal Blood: A Multi-Analytical Spectroscopic-Chemometrics Approach in Forensic Science
Durga Devi Sandran ; Yusmazura Zakaria ; Noor Zuhartini Md Muslim ; Nik Fakhuruddin Nik Hassan
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2020;16(No.4):162-169
Introduction: Non-destructive analysis of biological evidence has been paramount importance in the forensic investigation since it is an effective tool in establishing a standard that could be employed to differentiate ensuing destructive tests of bio-fluids upon sample division between the plaintiff and defendant. Species identification of bloodstain
found at the crime scene is very crucial in routine forensic work as this can assist the initial investigation by incorporating or excluding stain that is not human and to identify its origin if animal blood is involved. Methods: In this
research, identification and discrimination of various blood species collected from seven domestic animals namely
chicken, cow, deer, duck, fish, goat, and pig were investigated using non-destructive analytical techniques; ATRFTIR and visible spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PCALDA) for classification purposes. Results: ATR-FTIR FTIR spectroscopic study demonstrated a higher rate of successful
classification (≥ 90%) as compared to visible spectroscopic technique. Conclusion: ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has been
an ideal, robust, and suitable tool for determining the blood species of domestic animals. The predictive model from
PCA-LDA analysis can be utilised to produce higher classification rate for species determination from blood traces.