The paper proposed a concept to build a management system for operating room hidden costs in an effort to better hospital management and alleviate patients' economic burden.The authors analyzed the root of such costs from the levels of operating room's design and construction,as well as management and operations,proposing a framework of such hidden costs.Based on diversified cost characteristics,they come up with a number of estimating methods,and control methods against different hidden costs by using management theories systematically.

Objective To examine the occupational stability,training needs and capacity building requirements of the general practitioners purposely trained to work in rural communities,for improvement of policies regarding their training and issues related. Methods There counties were selected by stratified random sampling, where general practitioners graduated from such training completed an anonymous questionnaire. Focus group interviews were made to officials of the local Health and Family Planning Commission,those of primary healthcare institutions,and general practitioners themselves. Results The of the 190 valid questionnaires recovered, male accounted for 34. 2% and female 65. 8%. These general practitioners were mostly satisfied with their working environment, social status, work stress and job achievement,yet with lower satisfaction with their salary and availability of medical devices. Consideration of resignation was reported by only 5. 3% of them,with more males than females. As high as 63. 2% of them prefer to work in hospitals of county level. 91. 1% of them held it as necessary to participate in standard resident training,and 98. 4% held it as necessary to have on-job training. 94. 7% of them have participated in further education to gain a bachelor degree in medicine. Conclusions These doctors were found with high stability to work in rural communities and low turnover intention. Further studies are required to encourage these general practitioners to serve rural communities in a long term, and to improve the standard resident training mechanism,and their career development.

Objective To explore the economic performance after the performance‐based reform at primary medical institutions in Zhejiang Province and put forward measures for improving primary medical services .Methods Questionnaire investigation was conducted among 84 primary medical institutions with staff over 20 .The financial statements of these institutions during 2009‐2014 were collected and studied as well .Results The average outpatients and emergency patients in 2014 increased 113.3% than that in 2009 .The total usage times of laboratory tests and other auxiliary examinations also increased(55.7% and 103.1% ,respectively ) ,yet with a decrease of inpatients.Moreover ,the proportion of income from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM )in gross income increased from 9.39% in 2009 to 17.14% in 2014 .The cost‐profit ratio of TCM drugs at half of such institutions exceeded 120% . Conclusions The performance‐based reform has motivated medical staffs of primary medical institutions and effectively vitalized such institutions.Rules and regulations of these institutions require further improvement .

Objective To evaluated the effectiveness and safety ofLianhua Jizhi Tablets for acute trachitis and bronchitis with syndrome of phlegm-heat obstructing.Methods A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled and multi-center clinical trial design was selected. Totally 240 cases were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, 120 cases in each group, of which 237 cases were included in the analysis of FAS. Experimental group was givenLianhua Jizhi Tablets, while control group was given placebo, 12 tablets/day, 7 days for a course. Curative effect of acute trachitis and bronchitis, TCM syndrome and disappearance of cough, cough and sputum symptom scores and area under the curve (AUC) were observed. The safety was evaluated. Results The cure rates of disease in experimental group and control group were 66.67% (78/117) and 29.17% (35/120), respectively;cure rates of TCM syndrome in experimental group and the control group were 68.38% (80/117) and 27.50% (33/120), respectively;there was statistically significant difference in area under the curve of cough and sputum symptom score between the two groups (P<0.01). Disappearance rates (cure) of daytime cough in experimental group and control group were 52.99% (62/117) and 13.33% (16/120), respectively;disappearance rates (cure) of nocturnal cough in experimental group and control group were 76.52% (88/115) and 31.90% (37/116), respectively;there were no side effects in experimental group.ConclusionLianhua Jizhi Tablets can significantly relieve clinic symptoms in the treatment of acute trachitis and bronchitis, and have good clinical efficacy and safety.

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between the timing of complementary feeding for infants and the occurrence of food allergy.Methods:The PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WanFang Data database were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about the effects of early introduction of complementary foods in infants on the occurrence of food allergy. Papers published from the establishment of the databases to December 31, 2019 were extracted. The quality of the selected literature was evaluated using the risk-of-bias (ROB) tools in the Cochrane Handbook, and the RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. For the complementary food analyzed in a few reports in literature, a systematic review was conducted.Results:A total of 8 RCTs were extracted, and the systematic review and Meta-analysis were carried out according to food types. The results of Meta-analysis showed that compared with late introduction (after 6 months of age), early introduction (before 6 months of age) of eggs ( RR=0.60, 95% CI 0.46-0.79) could reduce the risk of egg allergy in infants. The subgroup analysis of the six studies about eggs demonstrated that in infants with a prior or family history of allergic diseases, the introduction of eggs before 6 months of age was associated with reduced risk of egg allergy ( RR=0.55, 95% CI 0.40-0.75), and the introduction of raw eggs ( RR=0.67, 95% CI 0.49-0.93) and small amount of eggs (equivalent to weekly protein 0-4 g) ( RR=0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.85) before 6 months of age were also associated with reduced risk of egg allergy. In addition, egg supplementation during 4-6 months of age reduced the occurrence of egg allergy compared with supplementation before 4 months of age ( RR=0.58, 95% CI 0.43-0.78). The systematic review found no conclusive relationship between early peanut introduction and peanut allergy, nor the correlation between early cow′s milk protein introduction and cow′s milk protein allergy ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Early introduction (before 6 months of age) of eggs in infants′ complementary foods can prevent infant egg allergy, but the limitations of the study need to be considered.