Objective To investigate the distribution of prevalence of primary osteoporosis (POP) in the middle aged and the elderly in parts of China. Methods Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured and questionnaire was surveyed from 5 602 people aged above 40 years old in five administrative areas in China, by the stratified multi steps cluster sampling method. Results The total prevalence of POP in these population was 12.4％ according to the most significant parts of the accumulation lose rate. Among them, the prevalence was 8.5％ in male and 15.7％ in female(P

Objective To investigate the normal references of standardized bone mineral density (sBMD) and provide important basis for diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Methods Using Dual Energy X－ ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), the bone mineral density was measured in 2 331 people aged above 20 years in parts of China by the method of random sampling， the study was standardized by equations. Results The normal references and peak values of sBMD in lumbar spine and proximal femur were determined based on sex and age. Conclusion This study provides the treatment references and the diagnosis references of sBMD for osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND:Some researches demonstrate that bone mineral density of healthy males and females whose ages range from 20 to 40 years reaches the peak.With the age growing,bone mineral density decreases gradually so as to cause osteoporosis.OBJECTIVE:To analyze changes of bone mineral density and characteristics of osteoporosis in 289 healthy middle and old aged people in two communities,Dongcheng district,Beijing.DESIGN:Cross-sectional study.SETTING:Beijing Institute of Geriatrics,Beijing Hospital,Ministry of Health.PARTICIPANTS:A total of 289 healthy residents over 45 years old were randomly selected from two communities,Dongcheng district,Beijing from June to September 1998.There were 136 males and 153 females,and their ages ranged from 45 to 85 years.Exclusion criteria:① Hepatic and renal disfunction;② effects of various factors on bone metabolism (various acute and chronic diseases;histories of long-term administration of hormone and calcium preparation;19 kg/m2＞index of body mass＞28 kg/m2;long-term bed over three months;unusual occupation).All subjects provided the confirmed consent.METHODS:Dual-energy X-ray bone density meter (Lunar Company,USA) was used to measure bone mineral density of all subjects at proximal end of left femur (neck of femur,great troch,Ward's triangle) and antero-posterior position of lumbar spine (L2-4).Diagnostic criteria of osteoporosis set by WHO and peak bone value acquired from a tackle key program were used to determine diagnostic standards of osteoporosis at various sites.The diagnostic standards were detailed as follows:neck of femur:0.665 g/cm2 of males and 0.677 g/cm2 of females;great troch:0.598 g/cm2 of males and 0.506 g/cm2 of females;Ward's triangle:0.492 g/cm2 of males and 0.514 g/cm2 of females;L2-4:0.760 g/cm2 of males and 0.835 g/cm2 of females.Meanwhile,peak bone value acquired by Key Program During the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period was used to calculate bone mineral density losing rate and prevalent rate of osteoporosis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Bone mineral density,bone mineral density losing rate and prevalent rate of osteoporosis at various sites in patients with the two sexes.RESULTS:All 289 subjects were involved in the final analysis.① With the age growing,bone mineral density in the males was not increased obviously;however,decrease of bone mineral density and bone mineral density loss in the females were remarkable,especially over 55 years old.② Analysis of bone mineral density losing rate based on various sites:bone mineral density losing rate in both males and females ranged Ward's triangle＞neck of femur＞great troch＞L2-4.③ Prevalent rate of osteoporosis was increased gradually with the age growing;especially,that in the females was obviously higher than that in the males,and there was significant difference (P＜ 0.01).Osteoporosis highly occurred in femur,and then in Ward's triangle and L2-4.CONCLUSION:With the age growing of the females,osteoporosis easily onsets in neck of femur,Ward's triangle and L2-4;especially menopause is the main risk factor for osteoporosis.

15 year literatures from databases such as MEDLINE, PUBMED, and CNKI were reviewed. The foundings indicate that there are a lot of scales to assess diabetic specific quality of life, but no one can involve the following aspects: body function, body structure, activity and participation, and environmental factors except ICF core sets for diabetes mellitus which involve the four aspects listed above. Nowadays an international multi-center validation study of the ICF core sets for 12 chronic conditions is ongoing, and so far there has been no report on the validation of the ICF core sets for diabetes mellitus yet. Through the validation study of the ICF core sets for diabetes mellitus, it is anticipated that the ICF core sets for diabetes mellitus can comprehensively describe health and functional status of diabetic patients, thus can create a valid and common tool or language to assess diabetes mellitus. It will facilitate communication between different disciplines and countries, provide effective interventions and finally improve health and functional level of diabetic patients.

Objective Evaluation of left ventricular ( LV) function has great clinical significance in patients with early chro-nic kidney disease (CKD).The study was to evaluate whether two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI) technique can offer additional information of cardiac dysfunction in early CKD patients . Methods Conventional echocardiography and 2D-STI echocar-diography were performed in CKD group of 20 patients at stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ and control group of 20 healthy volunteers .LV structure and function were evaluated by conventional echocardiography .Multidirectional strain , strain rate and LV twist parameters were analyzed by 2D-STI technique. Results There was no statistical difference in conventional echocardiographic parameters such as left atrial diam -eter, end-diastolic LV diameter and ejection fraction between CKD group and control group .By applying 2D-STI technique, CKD group had significantly decreased value of global longitudinal strain (-19.8 ±2.4)%and strain rate(-1.1 ±0.3)S-1 in comparison to control group(-22.6 ±2.1)%、( -1.8 ±0.2)S-1, along with significant increase in the values of maximum LV rotation (11.6 ± 4.4)°and LV twist(19.6 ±3.8)°in comparison to control group(8.2 ±3.7)°、(13.5 ±3.6)°(P<0.05).There was no differences in both global circumferential and radial deformation parameters as well as maximum rotation value of LV assist device between two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion 2D-STI can detect subclinical LV dysfunction sensitively in early CKD patients .

Objective To evaluate the effects of spinal segmental stabilization exercises (SSE)at home on the quality of life for community dwelling elderly patients with lower back pain.Methods Eighty elderly patients with lower back pain were divided into two groups according to the random number method:the experimental group,which received intervention for three months,and the control group,which received no intervention.Evaluation was conducted using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL BREF).Results The ODI and WHOQOL-BREF scores for the control group were (0.32 ± 0.09) and (87.65 ± 8.63),respectively,before treatment,and (0.32± 0.07) and (87.98 ±8.15),respectively,three months after treatment; the scores for the experimental group were (0.32 ± 0.09) and (87.97 ± 8.71),respectively,before treatment,and (0.27 ± 0.09) and (92.30 ± 9.64),respectively,three months after treatment.No statistically significant difference was found in ODI and WHOQOL-BREF scores in the control group before and three months after treatment (t=0.311 and-0.672,respectively; P ＞0.05 for both),while statistically significant differences were detected before and three months after treatment (t =0.311 and-0.672,respectively; P＜ 0.05 for both).Differences in ODI and WHOQOL-BREF scores were also found between the experimental group and the control group three months after treatment (t=8.500 and-4.526,respectively; P＜0.05 for both).Conclusions Spinal segmental stabilization exercises can effectively relieve symptoms,improve body functions and uplift the quality of life for community-dwelling elderly patients with lower back pain.As a beneficial physical therapy option,SSE can be promoted in residential communities.

Objective To investigate the chemical constituents of Taxodium ascendens collected in Yunnan Province of China.Methods Column chromatography techniques were used for separation and purification of the compounds and extensive spectral analyses including 2D NMR spectrum were employed for structural elucidation.Results Fourteen compounds were isolated from the branches and leaves of T.ascendens.Structures of six compounds were identified by 13C-NMR,1H-NMR,and MS as following: tetrahydro-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-pyran-3,5-diol(Ⅰ),3,5-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-pentene-1,2-diol(Ⅱ),3,5,7,3′,5′-pentahydroxyflavan(Ⅲ),4-(2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxymethyl-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-7-methoxybenzofuran-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol(Ⅳ),2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenoxy)-tetrahydro-6-(hydroxymethyl)2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol(Ⅴ),2,5-dihydro-3,5-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2furanmethanol(Ⅵ).Conclusion Compound Ⅰ is a new compound named as ascenden pyrandiol and other compounds are isolated from T.ascendens for the first time.

Objective To study serum IL-22 levels in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus (PPTDM) and to analysis their clinical significance.Methods ELISA was used to detect serum IL-22 levels in 30 cases PPTDM pa-tients,30 cases pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)patients,30 cases diabetes mellitus (DM)patients and 30 cases healthy vol-unteers (HV).Results Serum IL-22 levels of PPTDM patients (54.4±4.81 pg/ml)were significantly lower than those in diabetes mellitus (DM)patients (72.36±5.12 pg/ml)and healthy volunteers (HV)(68.32±3.08 pg/ml)(t=2.557,P =0.013;t=2.437,P =0.018),respectively.There was no significantly different of serum IL-22 levels between PPTDM and PTB patients (t=1.190,P =0.239).Serum IL-22 levels of diabetes mellitus coincident with pulmonary tuberculosis (DM-PTB)patients (64.62±8.59 pg/ml)were significantly higher than those in pulmonary tuberculosis coincident with diabetes mellitus (PTB-DM)patients (44.21±2.68 pg/ml)(t=2.267,P =0.031).Conclusion IL-22 may play an important role in PPTDM development.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of fat infiltration into the muscles of patients with Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) so as to provide a guide for rehabilitation therapy.Methods Twenty-three children with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) and 47 with DMD who had never been treated with glucocorticoids were enrolled.MRI was performed on both of their thigh muscles.T1 weighted images were used to assess the fat infiltration of their thigh muscles using a 0-5 modified version of Mercuri's scale.The progression of fatty infiltration of the thigh muscles in BMD was analyzed using descriptive statistics.The differences in fat infiltration between BMD and DMD were analyzed using rank sum tests.Results In patients with BMD the adductor magnus most often showed severe fat infiltration,followed by the biceps femoris,quadriceps,semimembranosus and semitendinosus,while the sartorius,gracilis and adductor longus had the lowest percentages of severe fat infiltration.Among the BMD patients the adductor magnus,biceps femoris and quadriceps showed moderate to severe involvement at the age of 8 to 9.The semimembranosus and semitendinosus showed moderate to severe involvement at the age of 10 to 11,and the sartorius,gracilis and adductor longus showed mild to moderate involvement after 15 years of age.Among the age groups of 8,9,10 and 11 years old,the median total fat infiltration scores were 10,22,28 and 25 respectively among the BMD patients,and 29,34,34 and 30 respectively among the DMD patients.At age 8 significant differences between the BMD and DMD patients were observed in the infiltration scores of the adductor magnus,biceps femoris,vastus lateralis,rectus femoris,vastus medialis,vastus intermedius and in the total scores.At age 9 significant differences persisted in the scores of the adductor magnus,rectus femoris,vastus medialis,vastus intermedius and the total scores.Conclusions The muscle MRIs showed significant differences in the degree of fatty infiltration between BMD and DMD patients.These findings may be useful when designing therapeutic regimens and rehabilitation programs for patients with BMD and DMD.

Objective To analyze the features of surface electromyography (sEMG) signal of the tibial anterior muscle and gastrocnemius muscle in the stroke patients when sitting and standing.Methods Fifteen stroke patients and fifteen normal subjects were involved in this study. All subjects were asked to stand up and sit down. It repeated five times continuously. The electromyographic signals were collected by surface electrode and then processed by linear time and frequency domain method.Results In sitting position, tibial anterior muscle had significant differences in mean power frequency and median frequency ( P<0.05) when the paretic and non-paretic lower limb, the non-paretic lower limb in stroke patients and in normal subjects were compared. The gastrocnemius muscle had notable differences ( P<0.05) in root mean square when the non-paretic lower limb in stroke patients and in normal subjects were compared. In standing position, tibial anterior muscle also had significant differences in root mean square and integrated electromyography ( P<0.05) as the same frequency domain comparing as above. The gastrocnemius muscle had notable differences on time domain, when the paretic and non-paretic lower limb, the paretic lower limb in stroke patients and the limb in normal subjects were compared ( P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion sEMG is a brief, applied, feasible assessment method in rehabilitation.