Objective: To investigate the hemodynamic changes of ophthalmic artery(OA) and central retinal artery(CRA) in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG) and the effects of intraocular pressure(IOP) on retrobulbar hemodynamics. Methods: Following the measurement of IOP by non-contact tonometry,hemodynamic changes of OA and CRA were examined by color Doppler imaging(CDI) in 45 patients(90 eyes) with PACG,who were divided according to IOP into a hypertension(38 eyes) and a normal tension group(52 eyes).Observations were made of the peak systolic velocity(PSV),end-diastolic velocity(EDV),pulsatility index(PI) and resistance index(RI).Results: Significant differences were found between the PACG patients and the normal controls in CRA-EDV(P

Arterial stenosis-induced hemodynamic changes and their evaluation have long been studied by lots of scholars by in vivo and in vitro experiments,clinical observation and improved experimental devices and methods,which has contributed a lot to the diagnosis and treatment of arterial stenosis.This review describes the current research results.

Objective To study the formations of several ridges in peripheral artery velocity tracing. Methods The experimental models of constrainting limb and adrenaline were performed in 6 juvenile susscrota domesticas,tbe variations of the external lilac artery velocity tracing observed,and the parameters of peak systolic velocity (PSV), minimum post-systolic velocity (MPV), peak diastolic velocity(PDV) and end diastolic velocity(EDV) were obtained. Results With the increase of downstream circulation resistance, systolic waveshape inclined to acumination, MPV gradually degraded to zero and negatively increased subsequently, diastolic wave amplitude lowered, and EDV gradually decreased to zero. The stronger vasoconstriction was, the more striking the variations were. Conclusions Cardiac ejection forms systolic dominant wave, post-systolic backward ware is the result of backstreaming because of elastic recoil of downstream artery,and diastolic forward ware is the result of blood transient acceleration caused by elastic recoil of upstream artery. Systemic vascular resistance has significant effect on diastolic waveshape,and the occurrence of post-systolic backward ware implies downstream circulation resistance obviously increases.

Objective To study the haemodynamics changes in the proximal upstream artery caused by different degrees of abdominal aorta extremity stenosis.Methods The lateral walls of the abdominal aorta extremity were pinched with the vascular clamp to achieve 1/4,1/2 and 3/4 stenosis or occlusion in 6 juvenile susscrota domesticas,the velocity tracing of the proximal artery recorded,and the parameters of the peak systolic velocity(PSV)and minimum diastolic velocity(MDV)were obtained and statistically analyzed for their correlation with different degrees of abdominal aorta extremity stenosis.Results The diastolic velocity tracing vanished when stenosis reached a certain degree,the needle ridge and low amplitude diastolic velocity tracing emerged when stenosis to a certain extent,and only the needle ridge was present when the abdominal aorta extremity was completely obstructed.PSV reduced with the aggravation of stenosis.Conclusions The proximal upstream artery systolic ridge caused by abdominal aorta extremity stenosis tends to be acUminate,which indicates serious stenosis of the downstream artery.The systolic needle ridge and the absence of diastolic velocity tracing would suggest a complete obstruction of the blood stream in the downstream lumina.

Objective To assess the coronary flow reserve in the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)by transthroracic echocardiography(TTE).Methods Coronary sinus blood flow of 24 SLE patients and 18 matched healthy controls were assessed by TTE.The coronary flow reserve was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to baseline blood flow.Hyperemia was induced by intravenous administration of dipyridamole.Results Adequate recordings of blood flow in the coronary sinus under both conditions were obtained by TTE in all study subjects.Patients with SLE were found to have significantly decreased coronary flow reserve comparing with normal SUbiects(1.55±0.21 versus 2.51±0.33.P＜0.01).Conclusions Coronary flow reserve can be measured by TTE in SLE patients,Coronary flow reserve is impaired suggesting that SLE patients may have subclinical coronary artery disease.

Objective To study the common femoral artery haemodynamics caused by different degrees of abdominal aorta extremity stenosis.Methods The lateral walls of abdominal aorta extremity were pinched with vascular clamp resulting in 1/3,1/2,2/3,3/4 stenosis by turns in 6 juvenile susscrota domesticas.The parameters of peak systolic velocity(PSV),minimum diastolic velocity(MDV),PSV/MDV(S/D)and MDV/PSV(D/S)of common femoral artery were obtained and their correlations with degrees of abdominal aorta extremity stenosis were confirmed by statistical analysis.Results The backwardware vanished or turned to forwardware when stenosis achieved certain degree.PSV had significant negative correlation with stenosis degree(R=0.985,R2=0.969),but D/S had significant positive correlation with stenosis degree when stenosis degree exceed 1/3(R=0.918,R2=0.843).Conclusions It can be concluded there is proximal stenosis disease and change of distal effective circulating blood volume according to the Doppler velocity tracing analysis.PSV and D/S are valuable parameters,however waveform should be ignored.

Objective To investigate the value of the diagnosis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) in renal tumors. Methods Nineteen patients with hyperechoic renal tumors detected by CEUS underwent resection for suspected renal malignant and benign tumors. The characterization of hyperechoic renal tumors on CEUS was evaluated. Results Histopathologic results of resected lesions showed benign tumors in 11 patients with angiomyolipoma and malignancy in 8 patients with clear cell carcinoma. Six patients with angiomyolipoma showed rapid wash in contrast enhancement and slow wash out on all tumor and focal tumor (6/11). One patient with angiomyolipoma was observed in rapid wash in and wash out (1/11). Four patients with angiomyolipoma showed rapid wash in and negative contrast enhancement after rapid wash out(negative contrast enhancement compared to renal cortex,4/11). Five patients with clear cell carcinoma showed rapid wash in and wash out (5/8). Two patients with clear cell carcinoma showed rapid wash in and delayed wash out (2/8). One patient with showed no enhancement on CEUS (1/8). The pseudocapsule could be seen at 5 patients with clear cell carcinoma. Wash in enhancement and wash out on clear cell carcinoma were significant in comparison to these of angiomyolipoma (P<0.05). Wash in enhancement,delayed wash out and negative contrast enhancement were no significant between clear cell carcinoma and angiomyolipoma (P>0.05). Conclusions CEUS is useful for discriminating between benign and malignant renal tumor.

Objective To assess the differential diagnosis and characteristics of renal benign and malignant tumors with three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound (3D-CEUS). Methods Totally 68 patients with renal tumors were examined by conventional ultrasound and two-dimensional contrastenhanced ultrasound(2D-CEUS). 3D imaging was reconstructed from 2D imaging, the differential diagnosis of renal tumors with 3D-CEUS was analyzed by comparing with 2D-CEUS. All patients with renal tumors were proved by operational pathology. Results Eighteen patients with renal benign tumors mostly displayed equal or low enhancement, showed "slowly in and slowly out" with 2D-CEUS, while displayed regular peripheral and internal vessels with 3D-CEUS. Fifty patients with renal malignant tumors mostly displayed high enhancement, showed "rapidly in and rapidly out" with 2D-CEUS,displayed winding peripheral vessels and disordered internal vessels with 3D-CEUS. 3D-CEUS may display the vascular characteristics of tumors and showed superior imaging quality to 2D-CEUS ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions 3D-CEUS can display the vascular characteristics of tumors and their spatial positions, it plays an important role in differential diagnosis between renal benign and malignant tumors.

Objective To explore the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) in the diagnosis of hematoma and active hemorrhage of renal trauma. Methods Totally 28 patients with renal trauma were examined by conventional ultrasound and CEUS,respectively,including 24 cases caused after renal biopsy,4closed trauma. The detectability of renal hematoma and active hemorrhage with these two methods were compared. All patients were identified by CT or follow-up studies with ultrasound. Results The detectability of renal hematoma with conventional ultrasound and CEUS were 67. 86% (19/28), 92. 86%(26/28), respectively. There was statistically different for detectability in the diagnosis ( P ＜0.05), and the extent of hematoma was more obvious with CEUS. CEUS diagnosed 7 of 26 were renal hematoma with active hemorrhage,which were difficult to be detected with conventional ultrasound. For renal hematoma,the features of CEUS were no enhancement found in every phase; for renal hematoma with active hemorrhage,the contrast agents overflowed from injured blood vessels and formed irregular remarkable enhanced regions. Conclusions CEUS is useful in diagnosing hematoma and identifying the extent and active hemorrhage of renal trauma,in addition,CEUS is valuable in detecting complications after renal biopsy.

Objective Evaluation of left ventricular ( LV) function has great clinical significance in patients with early chro-nic kidney disease (CKD).The study was to evaluate whether two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI) technique can offer additional information of cardiac dysfunction in early CKD patients . Methods Conventional echocardiography and 2D-STI echocar-diography were performed in CKD group of 20 patients at stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ and control group of 20 healthy volunteers .LV structure and function were evaluated by conventional echocardiography .Multidirectional strain , strain rate and LV twist parameters were analyzed by 2D-STI technique. Results There was no statistical difference in conventional echocardiographic parameters such as left atrial diam -eter, end-diastolic LV diameter and ejection fraction between CKD group and control group .By applying 2D-STI technique, CKD group had significantly decreased value of global longitudinal strain (-19.8 ±2.4)%and strain rate(-1.1 ±0.3)S-1 in comparison to control group(-22.6 ±2.1)%、( -1.8 ±0.2)S-1, along with significant increase in the values of maximum LV rotation (11.6 ± 4.4)°and LV twist(19.6 ±3.8)°in comparison to control group(8.2 ±3.7)°、(13.5 ±3.6)°(P<0.05).There was no differences in both global circumferential and radial deformation parameters as well as maximum rotation value of LV assist device between two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion 2D-STI can detect subclinical LV dysfunction sensitively in early CKD patients .